Integrated multi-channel photonics transmitter chip having dual-channel multiplexers

ABSTRACT

An integrated transmitter chip having a transmitter block, the transmitter block having: a first power divider optically connected to a first input port; a second power divider optically connected to a second input port; a first plurality of optical channels optically branched from the first power divider; a second plurality of optical channels optically branched from the second power divider; a first multiplexer optically connected to a first optical channel of the first plurality of optical channels and a first optical channel of the second plurality of optical channels, and a second multiplexer optically connected to a second optical channel of the first plurality of optical channels and a second optical channel of the second plurality of optical channels. The integrated transmitter chip may be configured to utilize polarization division multiplexing or wavelength division multiplexing to combine optical signals depending on the application of the corresponding integrated transmitter chip.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part and claims the benefit ofU.S. Non-Provisional application Ser. No. 17/659,532, filed on Apr. 18,2022, which is a continuation-in-part and claims the benefit of U.S.Non-Provisional application Ser. No. 17/191,132, filed on Mar. 3, 2021,both of which are hereby incorporated by reference, to the extent thatthey are not conflicting with the present application.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention

The invention relates generally to integrated multi-channel photonicstransmitter chips, and more specifically to integrated photonicstransmitter chips having power dividers and multiplexers.

2. Description of the Related Art

In the field of integrated photonics, integrated photonics transmitterchips, supporting pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) signals (e.g., 400Gbps DR4 transceivers, supporting four lanes of 100 Gbps 4-level PAMsignals) over 500m-reach parallel single mode fibers at O-band(approximately 1310 nanometers), have become a mainstream solution fornext-generation data-center optical interconnects. Conventionally, a DR4transmitter chip structure comprises four input and output ports, withfour optical channels extending between the input and output ports,respectively. In operation, each channel may receive and transmit alaser beam entering each respective input port, the laser beampropagating across the transmitter chip and having the amplitude or thephase of the laser beam adjusted. The laser beams may subsequently becoupled into the single mode fibers via the output ports carrying anoutput power for various data-center optical applications.

As a first approach, each channel of the transmitter chip may beprovided with a laser source, such that four laser sources are opticallyaligned to the four input ports of the transmitter chip, for example.This first approach may allow the power of each laser signal beingtransmitted via the transmitter chip to be independently adjusted (byadjusting the power of the laser source, for example), which may beadvantageous for the various data-center optical interconnects, asstated above. However, utilizing a total of four laser sources, asstated, may complicate the optical assembly and optical couplingprocesses due to the total number of laser sources. This approach mayalso increase the assembly cost and the associated operational costs dueto the increase in overall power consumption drawn by the four lasersources. Alternatively, in order to decrease the assembly andoperational costs, hybrid lasers can be integrated directly onto thetransmitter chip, but such an approach may require costly processdevelopment and a highly reliable laser yield (if at least one laserfails, the functionality of the whole chip fails).

Thus, conventionally, the four optical channels of the transmitter chipare configured to share either one single laser source or two lasersources, depending on the constraints of the required optical linkbudget and the availability of high-power lasers, for example. As asecond approach, when a single laser source is used, the transmitterchip structure may be designed as having a single optical input port,followed by three 1×2 splitters (e.g., couplers) cascaded in twosubsequent stages, as an example. As a third approach, when two lasersources are used, the transmitter chip structure may be designed ashaving two optical input ports, followed by two 1×2 splitter couplers,for example. In either the second or the third approach, the splittersare conventionally configured with a 50/50 splitting ratio, such that alaser light beam passing through each splitter/coupler is split equallyin half, thus effectively splitting the power of the laser light beamequally in half as well. The split laser signals may then pass through amodulator and a phase shifter as the laser signals propagate along thetransmitter chip. A photodetector may be placed on each optical channelfollowing the modulator and phase shifter for power monitoring andquadrature point control, for example. Finally, the laser signals mayexit the transmitter chip via the four output ports, each laser signalhaving a final transmitted output power.

While the second and third approaches described above may result in thetransmission of laser light power while simplifying the optical assemblyprocess, the output power of each laser light signal is incapable ofbeing independently adjusted due to the sharing of the laser lightsource(s) (via the splitters, for example). As such, due to thedifferent path lengths of different channels of the transmitter chip,the optical propagation loss in each channel could be different, causingnon-uniform power output. For certain applications, uniform power amongall the channels of the transmitter chip is required. Furthermore,should an optical channel on the transmitter chip be defective (due tochip manufacturing process imperfections/variations, for example), thetransmitter chip lacks means for compensating or correcting any loss oflaser light power due to said optical channel defect or differing pathlength.

Additionally, a transmitter chip that is configured to generate aplurality of optical signals may need to utilize a plurality of opticalconnections to suitably transmit each optical signal. Without a suitablemechanism for combining produced optical signals, more complextransmitters may become highly cumbersome. A device such as amultiplexer may be used to combine corresponding simpler optical signalsinto higher complexity combined optical signals. Generally, forcontinuing optical signals, wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) andpolarization-division multiplexing (PDM) technologies are used tomultiplex multiple optical signals onto a single output transmittingchannel (for example, a single optical fiber). The key requirements foroptical signal multiplexing devices are low insertion loss and toleranceto wavelength shifts resulting from temperature and manufacturingvariations. The WDM technology multiplexes a number of optical signalsusing different wavelengths while the PDM technology multiplexes opticalsignals using orthogonal polarization states of optical waves (forexample, TE and TM polarization states) which may have the samewavelengths. However, the utilization of multiplexing technologies maypresent additional challenges. For example, many standard multiplexingsystems behave differently based on the wavelength and polarization of asignal (e.g., may have different insertion losses which cause the outputoptical signals to be non-uniform). Furthermore, a transmitter thatutilizes a standard multiplexer may also lack a mechanism of suitablyadjusting the power of each optical signal going into a multiplexer,thus limiting the flexibility and utility of said transmitter.

Therefore, there is a need to solve the problems described above byproviding an integrated transmitter chip, and method, comprising powerdividers for efficiently and cost-effectively tuning the output power ofoptical signals being transmitted via the integrated transmitter chipand a suitable multiplexer configured to combine a plurality of opticalsignals into fewer optical outputs prior to transmission.

The aspects or the problems and the associated solutions presented inthis section could be or could have been pursued; they are notnecessarily approaches that have been previously conceived or pursued.Therefore, unless otherwise indicated, it should not be assumed that anyof the approaches presented in this section qualify as prior art merelyby virtue of their presence in this section of the application.

BRIEF INVENTION SUMMARY

This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in asimplified form that are further described below in the DetailedDescription. This Summary is not intended to identify key aspects oressential aspects of the claimed subject matter. Moreover, this Summaryis not intended for use as an aid in determining the scope of theclaimed subject matter.

In an aspect, an integrated transmitter chip is provided, the integratedtransmitter chip comprising: a first input port and a second input portdisposed at a first end of the integrated transmitter chip; and atransmitter block optically connected to the first input port and thesecond input port, the transmitter block having: a first power divideroptically connected to the first input port; a second power divideroptically connected to the second input port; a first plurality ofoptical channels being optically branched from the first power divider;a second plurality of optical channels being optically branched from thesecond power divider; a first multiplexer being optically connected to afirst optical channel of the first plurality of optical channels and afirst optical channel of the second plurality of optical channels,wherein the first multiplexer is configured to multiplex the firstoptical signal with a second optical signal to form a first final outputsignal; and a second multiplexer being optically connected to a secondoptical channel of the first plurality of optical channels and a secondoptical channel of the second plurality of optical channels, wherein thesecond multiplexer is configured to multiplex the third optical signalwith a fourth optical signal to form a second final output signal. Thus,an advantage is that the disclosed integrated transmitter mayaccommodate utilization of multiple lasers within the transmitterassembly, negating the need for using separate transmitter chips havingdifferent designs, which may thus reduce operational costs associatedwith purchasing and swapping out more than one transmitter chip. Anadditional advantage is that the utilization cascaded power dividers mayprovide the capability to adjust the distribution of the input opticalpower among all optical channels, such that to meet a desired level ofpower uniformity at the transmitter output for each optical signal.Another advantage is the ability to compensate for or correctdeficiencies in the output power of the transmitter chip using variablepower dividers, and thus improving the overall production yield. Anotheradvantage of the variable power dividers is the reduction in operationalcosts associated with channel shut-off requirements, due to the reducedpower consumption. Another advantage is that the multiplexers may beused in conjunction with their corresponding power dividers, such thatthe power dividers maintain a selected power level for each generatedoptical signal, which the wavelength or polarization divisionmultiplexer then multiplexes and combines into fewer output opticalsignals, thus reducing the amount of outlet ports and outlet portoptical connections required, further reducing costs. Another advantageis that polarization division multiplexers, such as a polarization beamrotator combiner, disposed within the integrated transmitter chip mayfacilitate the utilization of multiple polarization modes within thefinal output signal, thus allowing the polarization divisionmultiplexers to maintain a passband having a flat shape and a lowinsertion loss. Another advantage is the selective usage of fixed ratiocouplers may significantly reduce the complexity of a transceiver chip,while also reducing its operational complexity and cost.

In another aspect, an integrated transmitter chip is provided, theintegrated transmitter chip comprising: at least one input port disposedat a first end of the integrated transmitter chip; a plurality of powerdividers, each power divider of the plurality of power dividers beingoptically connected to a corresponding input port of the at least oneinput port; a plurality of optical channels optically branched from eachpower divider of the plurality of power dividers; a plurality ofmultiplexers, each multiplexer of the plurality of multiplexers beingoptically connected to corresponding optical channels of the pluralityof optical channels; a plurality of output ports disposed at a secondend of the integrated transmitter chip, wherein the second end of theintegrated transmitter chip is associated with the first end of theintegrated transmitter chip and each output port of the plurality ofoutput ports is configured to be optically connected to a correspondingmultiplexer of the plurality of multiplexers; wherein the plurality ofpower dividers, the plurality of optical channels and the plurality ofmultiplexers are disposed between and in optical communication with theat least one input port and the plurality of output ports. Again, anadvantage is that the disclosed integrated transmitter may accommodateutilization of multiple lasers within the transmitter assembly, negatingthe need for using separate transmitter chips having different designs,which may thus reduce operational costs associated with purchasing andswapping out more than one transmitter chip. An additional advantage isthat the utilization cascaded power dividers may provide the capabilityto adjust the distribution of the input optical power among all opticalchannels, such that to meet a desired level of power uniformity at thetransmitter output for each optical signal. Another advantage is theability to compensate for or correct deficiencies in the output power ofthe transmitter chip using variable power dividers, and thus improvingthe overall production yield. Another advantage of the variable powerdividers is the reduction in operational costs associated with channelshut-off requirements, due to the reduced power consumption. Anotheradvantage is that the multiplexers may be used in conjunction with theircorresponding power dividers, such that the power dividers maintain aselected power level for each generated optical signal, which thewavelength or polarization division multiplexer then multiplexes andcombines into fewer output optical signals, thus reducing the amount ofoutlet ports and outlet port optical connections required, furtherreducing costs. Another advantage is that polarization divisionmultiplexers, such as a polarization beam rotator combiner, disposedwithin the integrated transmitter chip may facilitate the utilization ofmultiple polarization modes within the final output signal, thusallowing the polarization division multiplexers to maintain a passbandhaving a flat shape and a low insertion loss. Another advantage is theselective usage of fixed ratio couplers may significantly reduce thecomplexity of a transceiver chip, while also reducing its operationalcomplexity and cost.

In another aspect, an integrated transmitter comprising a transmitterblock, the transmitter block having: a power divider; a first opticalchannel in optical communication with the power divider, the firstoptical channel being configured to carry a first optical signal; asecond optical channel in optical communication with the power divider,the second optical channel being configured to carry a second opticalsignal; and a polarization division multiplexer in optical communicationwith the first and second optical channels, wherein the polarizationdivision multiplexer is configured to change the polarization state ofthe first optical signal and subsequently multiplex the first opticalsignal with the second optical signal. Again, an advantage is that thedisclosed integrated transmitter may accommodate utilization of multiplelasers within the transmitter assembly, negating the need for usingseparate transmitter chips having different designs, which may thusreduce operational costs associated with purchasing and swapping outmore than one transmitter chip. An additional advantage is that theutilization cascaded power dividers may provide the capability to adjustthe distribution of the input optical power among all optical channels,such that to meet a desired level of power uniformity at the transmitteroutput for each optical signal. Another advantage is the ability tocompensate for or correct deficiencies in the output power of thetransmitter chip using variable power dividers, and thus improving theoverall production yield. Another advantage of the variable powerdividers is the reduction in operational costs associated with channelshut-off requirements, due to the reduced power consumption. Anotheradvantage is that the multiplexers may be used in conjunction with theircorresponding power dividers, such that the power dividers maintain aselected power level for each generated optical signal, which thewavelength or polarization division multiplexer then multiplexes andcombines into fewer output optical signals, thus reducing the amount ofoutlet ports and outlet port optical connections required, furtherreducing costs. Another advantage is that polarization divisionmultiplexers, such as a polarization beam rotator combiner, disposedwithin the integrated transmitter chip may facilitate the utilization ofmultiple polarization modes within the final output signal, thusallowing the polarization division multiplexers to maintain a passbandhaving a flat shape and a low insertion loss. Another advantage is theselective usage of fixed ratio couplers may significantly reduce thecomplexity of a transceiver chip, while also reducing its operationalcomplexity and cost.

The above aspects or examples and advantages, as well as other aspectsor examples and advantages, will become apparent from the ensuingdescription and accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For exemplification purposes, and not for limitation purposes, aspects,embodiments or examples of the invention are illustrated in the figuresof the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a top view of an integratedfour-channel transmitter chip having cascaded variable power dividers,according to several aspects.

FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustrating a control algorithm for monitoringand varying the optical power of an input optical signal beingtransmitted via the integrated four-channel transmitter chip of FIG. 1 ,according to an aspect.

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a top view of an alternative embodimentof the integrated four-channel transmitter chip of FIG. 1 , according toan aspect.

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a top view of a two-input integratedfour-channel transmitter chip having variable power dividers, accordingto an aspect.

FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a top view of a single-input integratedfour-channel transmitter chip having a variable power divider, accordingto an aspect.

FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a top view of a single-input integratedmulti-channel transmitter chip having n-stage cascaded variable powerdividers, according to an aspect.

FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a top view of a multi-input integratedmulti-channel transmitter chip having n-stage cascaded variable powerdividers, according to several aspects.

FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating a top view of an integrated four-inputeight-optical channel transmitter chip having two four-channelmultiplexers and two outlet ports (2×4), according to an aspect.

FIG. 9A is a diagram illustrating a top view of an integrated four-input16-optical channel transmitter chip having four four-channelmultiplexers and four outlet ports (4×4), according to an aspect.

FIG. 9B is a diagram illustrating a top view of a single inputfour-channel transmitter block configured for use within the transmitterchip of FIG. 9A, according to an aspect.

FIG. 10A is a diagram illustrating a top view of a multi-inputintegrated multi-channel transmitter chip having m number of 2n-channeltransmitter blocks and 2^(n) of m channel wavelength divisionmultiplexers, according to several aspects.

FIG. 10B is a diagram illustrating a top view of a single input2^(n)-channel transmitter block having n-stages of tunable powerdividers and 2^(n) MZI modulators, wherein said transmitter block isconfigured for use within the transmitter chip of FIG. 10A, according toan aspect.

FIG. 11A is a diagram illustrating a top view of a four-channel dualpolarization multiplexer, according to an aspect.

FIG. 11B is a diagram illustrating a top view of a polarization beamrotator combiner for use within the four-channel dual polarizationmultiplexer, according to an aspect.

FIG. 11C is a diagram illustrating a top view of a 2N channelmultiplexer, according to an aspect.

FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating a top view of a polarization-enhancedintegrated two-input four-optical channel photonic transmitter havingfixed ratio couplers, two PBRCs, and two outlet ports (2×2), accordingto an aspect.

FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating a top view of a polarization-enhanced4×4 photonic transmitter, according to an aspect.

FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating a top view of a polarization-enhanced4×2 photonic transmitter, according to an aspect.

FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating a top view of a single inputtwo-optical channel photonic transmitter having a tunable coupler, adual-channel polarization division multiplexer, and a single outlet port(1×1), according to an aspect.

FIG. 16 is a diagram illustrating a top view of a single input2^(n)-optical channel photonic transmitter having n-stage cascaded powerdividers, 2^(n−1) dual-channel polarization division multiplexers, and2^(n−1) outlet ports (2^(n−1)×1), according to an aspect.

FIG. 17 is a diagram illustrating a top view of a two-input2^(n+1)-optical channel photonic transmitter having two n-stage cascadedvariable power dividers, 2^(n) dual-channel multiplexers, and 2^(n)outlet ports (2^(n)×2), according to an aspect.

FIG. 18 is a diagram illustrating a top view of a 2m-input photonictransmitter having m transmitter blocks of which each block has the samefunctions of the photonics transmitter 1701 of FIG. 17 and 2^(n)m outletports (2^(n)m×2m), according to an aspect.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

What follows is a description of various aspects, embodiments and/orexamples in which the invention may be practiced. Reference will be madeto the attached drawings, and the information included in the drawingsis part of this detailed description. The aspects, embodiments and/orexamples described herein are presented for exemplification purposes,and not for limitation purposes. It should be understood that structuraland/or logical modifications could be made by someone of ordinary skillsin the art without departing from the scope of the invention. Therefore,the scope of the invention is defined by the accompanying claims andtheir equivalents.

It should be understood that, for clarity of the drawings and of thespecification, some or all details about some structural components orsteps that are known in the art are not shown or described if they arenot necessary for the invention to be understood by one of ordinaryskills in the art.

For the following description, it can be assumed that mostcorrespondingly labeled elements across the figures (e.g., 101 and 301,etc.) possess the same characteristics and are subject to the samestructure and function. If there is a difference between correspondinglylabeled elements that is not pointed out, and this difference results ina non-corresponding structure or function of an element for a particularembodiment, example or aspect, then the conflicting description givenfor that particular embodiment, example or aspect shall govern.

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a top view of an integratedfour-channel transmitter chip 101 having cascaded variable powerdividers 120, according to several aspects. As shown in FIG. 1 , theintegrated four-channel transmitter chip (“integrated four-channeltransmitter chip,” “integrated transmitter chip,” “integratedtransmitter,” “transmitter chip”) 101 may comprise three input ports 105(LS1-LS3), for example, disposed at a first end 101A, by which laserlight beams (“lasers”, “lights”, “light beams”, “laser beams”, “lasersignals”) may be launched into the integrated transmitter 101. The inputports 105 may be edge couplers, for example, or any other suitableoptical port. It should be understood that more than three or fewer thanthree input ports 105 may be provided on the transmitter chip 101, asneeded, as will be described in more detail later. As an example, atleast one laser source (not shown) may be optically aligned to the firstend 101A of the integrated transmitter 101, such that at least one laserbeam (e.g., 126) may be transmitted via the optical channels 112 tofibers (disposed in a fiber array, or a lens (array) with a fiber(array), for example) optically aligned to a second/output end 101B ofthe integrated transmitter 101. As shown in FIG. 1 , the transmitterchip 101 may comprise four optical channels 112 extending at leastpartially a length of the transmitter chip 101, and optically connectedto four output ports 115 disposed at the second end 101B, as an example.It should be understood that more or fewer optical channels 112 may beprovided on the transmitter chip 101, as needed, and thus, more or fewerthan four output ports 115 may be provided as well, such that to matchthe number of optical channels, if applicable, as will be discussedlater below.

As similarly described in the Background above, each optical channel 112may be provided with a modulator 107 followed by a phase shifter 108, asshown. As an example, the modulators 107 may be any suitable opticalmodulators, such as silicon optical modulators, graphene opticalmodulators, Mach-Zehnder Interferometer-based modulators, etc. formodulating the laser signals propagating along the optical channels 112,for example. Additionally, the phase shifters 108 may be any suitableoptical phase shifters, such as thermo-optic phase shifters, siliconphotonic phase shifters, etc. for controlling the phase shift of thelaser signals propagating along the optical channels 112, for example.Each modulator 107 and phase shifter 108 pair may be followed by a tapcoupler 109 and a photodetector (e.g., PD5) 110B, as shown, adapted tomeasure the power (via the light intensity, for example) of the lasersignal propagating toward the output ports 115. The photodetectors 110B(PD5-PD8) may be germanium photodetectors, for example. As an example,the photodetectors 110B may allow an external computer (not shown) tomonitor the power of each optical signal being transmitted via thetransmitter 101 for tuning of the power, as needed.

As mentioned previously above, the integrated transmitter 101 maycomprise three input ports 105 disposed at the first end 101A, as anexample. As described previously in the Background above, conventionalDR4 transmitter chips may be adapted to transmit laser light originatingfrom a single laser source, two laser sources or potentially more lasersources, as necessary. As will be described in detail herein, thetransmitter chip 101 shown in FIG. 1 may be adapted to support eitherapproach, such that the same chip can accommodate a single laser sourceor two laser sources (or more), rather than having to use two separatechips of different design, for example. As shown, the input ports 105may optically connect to the cascaded variable power dividers (“tunablecouplers”, “tunable power dividers”) 120, provided in two stages 103Aand 103B, as an example. As an example, the variable power dividers 120may be realized using tunable couplers/splitters based on varioussuitable structures, such as, for example, Mach-Zehnder Interferometer(MZI) switches, multi-port splitters, resonators,Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS), etc. As shown in FIG. 1 , thevariable power dividers 120 may be provided as 1×2 tunable couplers, asshown by TC1, or as 2×2 tunable couplers, as shown by TC2 and TC3, forexample. It should be understood that more than three or fewer thanthree tunable couplers 120 may be provided on the transmitter chip, asneeded, as will be discussed later below.

As described previously in the Background above, DR4 transmitter chipsmay be conventionally provided with passive splitters (couplers) havingfixed 50/50 splitting ratios, for example. As discussed, when a laserlight beam passes through the splitter, the resultant pair of laserlight beams each possess the same or substantially the same lightintensity, and therefore power. The variable power dividers (e.g.,tunable couplers) 120 may be adapted to tune their respective splittingratios from 100/0 to 0/100, as opposed to the fixed 50/50. Therefore,like a conventional passive splitter, the laser light beam passingthrough the variable power divider 120 may be split into two individuallaser light beams, however, the resultant intensity, and thereforepower, of each individual laser light beam may be optically portionedand selected by tuning the splitting ratio ranging from 100/0 to 0/100,as an example. Referring back to FIG. 1 , the cascaded variable powerdividers 120 may split the initial three input ports 105 into the fouroptical channels 112. As shown, a first tunable coupler TC1 may branchinput port LS1 into two waveguides/channels 119A and 119B, for example.Input port LS2 and the waveguide branch 119A may optically connect to asecond tunable coupler TC2, as shown, and similarly, the waveguidebranch 119B and input port LS3 may optically connect to a third tunablecoupler TC3, as an example, at the second stage 103B. The pair oftunable couplers TC2 and TC3 may then each branch off into two arms,thus forming the four optical channels 112, as shown as an example.

As shown, following the variable power dividers 120, the four opticalchannels 112 may each be provided with a first photodetector (e.g., PD1)110A. As mentioned above, a second set of photodetectors 110B may beoptically connected (via tap couplers 109) to the four optical channels112 following the phase shifters 108, as shown. The first set ofphotodetectors 110A (PD1-PD4) may be optically connected to the opticalchannels 112 each via a tap coupler 109, for example, as shown. Thefirst set of photodetectors 110A may be adapted to detect and monitorthe power of the incoming laser light signal (during the initiallaser-to-transmitter optical alignment process) and may also providefeedback signals to the external computer (not shown) for controlling ofthe tunable couplers 120 and for monitoring the power variation of thelaser light signals during operation of the transmitter chip, forexample. Thus, an advantage is the ability to tune and therefore controlthe splitting ratio of the variable power dividers, thus allowingcontrol of the powers of the individual optical signals beingtransmitted via the optical channels of the transmitter chip.

As mentioned above when referring to FIG. 1 , the integrated transmitter101 may be configured to support either a single laser source or twolaser sources, such that both approaches are supported using the singledisclosed transmitter chip, for example. Thus, in accordance with anaspect of the current invention, a method of transmitting optical powerfrom a single or a dual laser source using the disclosed integratedtransmitter chip of FIG. 1 is provided, which will be described indetail below.

As shown previously in FIG. 1 , let a single laser source (not shown) beused to transmit optical power, as a first case. As an example, thesingle laser source (not shown) may launch a laser light beam 126 intothe input port 105 at LS1, as shown. The laser light beam 126 may enterthe transmitter chip 101 via the input port LS1 and may propagate towardthe first tunable coupler TC1, as an example. The laser light beam maybe optically split by the first tunable coupler TC1, the two resultantlight beams each having a power defined by the splitting ratio definedby the first tunable coupler TC1. The now two laser light beams (notshown) may propagate along waveguides 119A and 119B toward the secondstage (103B) second and third tunable couplers TC2 and TC3,respectively, such that the two laser light beams (not shown) are splitinto four laser light beams (not shown) now propagating along the fouroptical channels 112, as an example. The first set of photodetectors110A may continuously measure the power of the four laser light beams(not shown), such that to monitor the functionality and efficiency ofthe splitting ratios set by the variable power dividers 120, forexample. The splitting ratios of the variable power dividers 120 may beadjusted, as needed, as will be discussed in more detail below, to makeany power adjustments. The laser light beams (not shown) may be directedthrough the modulators 107 and the phase shifters 108 to generatecorresponding optical signals which may be coupled out of thetransmitter chip 101 via the output ports 115, as shown as an example.Thus, the disclosed transmitter chip 101 may efficiently enable thetransmission of laser light power originating from a single lasersource.

As a second case, let two laser sources (not shown) be used to transmitoptical power, as an example. As shown as an example, the two lasersources (not shown) may launch a first and a second laser light beams125A and 125B, respectively, into the input ports 105 at LS2 and LS3,respectively. The laser light beams 125A and 125B may enter thetransmitter chip 101 via the input ports LS2 and LS3, respectively, andmay propagate toward the second and the third tunable couplers TC2 andTC3, respectively, as an example. The first and the second laser lightbeams 125A, 125B may be split by the second and the third tunablecouplers TC2, TC3, respectively, such that the four resultant lightbeams possess a power defined by the splitting ratios of the second andthe third tunable couplers TC2 and TC3, respectively. The four laserlight beams (not shown) may propagate along the four optical channels112, as an example, and the first set of photodetectors 110A maycontinuously measure the power of the four laser light beams (notshown), such that to monitor the functionality and efficiency of thesplitting ratios set by the tunable couplers 120, as similarly describedabove. The laser light beams (not shown) may be directed through themodulators 107 and the phase shifters 108 to generate optical signalswhich may be coupled out of the transmitter chip 101 via the outputports 115, as shown as an example. Thus, the disclosed transmitter chip101 may efficiently enable the transmission of laser light poweroriginating from two laser sources. As an example, to achieve certainpower uniformity levels at the output 101B, it may be required orpreferable to also adjust the input laser power, which will be describedin more detail below. It should be noted that, as described above, thethree input ports 105 may not all simultaneously be used during anygiven operation, such that, in other words, either LS1 is used with asingle laser or LS2 and LS3 are used with two lasers, respectively.Thus, an advantage is that the disclosed integrated transmitter mayaccommodate either single or double laser transmission approaches,negating the need for using separate chips of different design foreither approach, which may thus reduce operational costs associated withpurchasing and swapping out more than one transmitter chip.

As described throughout this disclosure above, the variable powerdividers 120 shown in FIG. 1 may enable the selection of splittingratios ranging from 100/0 to 0/100, rather than the fixed 50/50splitting ratio of conventional splitters. As will be described indetail below, the use of tunable couplers provides a number ofrecognizable benefits. As a first benefit, the cascaded variable powerdividers 120 enable optical switching among the four optical channels,and thus channel shut off, which will be discussed in greater detaillater, such that, by setting any one of the tunable couplers 120 to havea splitting ratio of 100/0 or 0/100, a particular optical channel may beshut off (corresponding to the 0 in the splitting ratio), whereby nooptical signal can travel along that particular optical channel. Thus,an advantage of the variable power dividers is optical signal outputpower control via the optical switching between channels. As a secondbenefit, the tunable couplers 120 may provide the ability to adjust thetransmitter output power uniformity with respect to the four opticalchannels 112. As an example, depending on the optical application, someparticular level of power uniformity may be required. In some cases, thefour optical channels 112 may have different routing lengths on the chip101, and may thus experience different levels of loss, resulting indifferent levels of output optical power across the output ports 115. Bytuning the splitting ratios of the variable power dividers 120, thefinal output power of each optical channel 112 at the output 101B of thetransmitter chip 101 can be adjusted, as needed, to meet that particularlevel of power uniformity. In comparison, conventional splitters havingfixed splitting ratios provide a fixed level of power uniformity andwould thus not be able to meet certain power uniformity levels. Thus, anadvantage is the ability to tune the power splitting ratio of the inputoptical signal, such that to meet a desired level of power uniformity atthe transmitter output.

As another benefit, the variable power dividers 120 shown previously inFIG. 1 may allow the transmitter chip 101 to correct and/or compensatefor instances of failed and/or diminished output power. As describedbriefly previously in the Background above, in certain situationstransmitter chip operation may be hindered by a low output power on acertain optical channel on the transmitter chip, due to unpredicteddefects on an optical channel, roughness at the facets due to thepresence of dust or dirt particles, imperfect fiber array channelspacing at the output of the transmitter, etc., for example, resultingin lower total output power than expected. The variable power dividers(e.g., tunable couplers) 120 disclosed herein may allow optical powerfrom one channel to be directed (in some quantity) to another channel toovercome the output power loss or failure. As an example, referring toFIG. 1 , should the first optical channel 112A possess some defect (oneof those mentioned above), such that the output power of the opticalsignal exiting output port O1, as shown, is lower than expected, thetunable coupler TC2 may appropriately be controlled (via the externalcomputer, for example), such that the splitting ratio of the tunablecoupler TC2 is gradually adjusted from default 50/50 (50% to channel112A, 50% to channel 112B) to another splitting ratio, until themeasured output power of channel 112A and channel 112B are equal orsubstantially equal. In this way, both channel 112A and channel 112Bhave reasonable output power. It should be understood that thephotodetectors PD1 and PD2 may monitor the power in channels 112A and112B, respectively, such that the computer (or user) can ensure correctfunctionality, as will be described in greater detail when referring toFIG. 2 below. Thus, the power that was being lost via channel 112A atoutput port O1 has been compensated for via the now equal output powerat output port O2 via channel 112B, as an example.

Thus, an advantage is the ability to compensate for or correctdeficiencies in the output power of the transmitter chip using thevariable power dividers, and thus improving the overall productionyield. The increase in overall production yield is a particularlysignificant advantage of the disclosed photonics transmitter chip. Itshould be understood that all of the above-described advantages may berelevant for either the single laser case or the dual laser case.

As mentioned above, the variable power dividers 120 may enable opticalchannel shut-off, such that no optical signal is outputted from aparticular optical channel (112) on the transmitter chip 101, forexample. As an example, in practice, it may be required by operationspecifications that the transmitter output power of one or a few opticalchannels be able to be shut-off, usually requiring about 15 dB-30 dB(decibel) attenuation to effectively extinguish the optical signalpower. Although carrier-injection based variable optical attenuators(VOAs) can be optically integrated onto each optical channel forinitiating channel shut-off, injection current of as large as hundredsof milliamperes is required to obtain a minimum of 15 dB attenuation,which greatly increases the overall power consumption of the DR4transmitter. As an example, achieving 15 dB optical attenuation usingintegrated VOAs may require about 0.15-0.30 Watts (W) of additionalpower for a single optical channel only a few millimeters (mm) inlength. As such, when more than 15 dB of optical attenuation isrequired, or if more than one optical channel is required to beshut-off, the overall power consumption rises even more. To combat thisincrease in overall power consumption, the length of the VOA integratedonto each optical channel can be increased. However, this increase inVOA length for each optical channel increases the transmitter chip sizeand the optical propagation loss, as well as decreases the overallproduction outputs. Moreover, VOAs have been shown to be sensitive tovariations in temperature, which may hinder transmitter performance. Theattenuation capability of the VOAs is sensitive to process variation,making it difficult to effectively control the VOA yield, as an example.

The variable power dividers 120 disclosed herein may serve as anefficient and cost-effective alternative for the integrated VOAsdescribed above. As similarly described above, should one of the opticalchannels (e.g., 112A) be required to shut-off, due to productspecifications, the tunable coupler TC2 may be tuned, by adjusting thesplitting ratio to 0/100, for example, to effectively negate any poweroutput along channel 112A, and thus effectively shutting off channel112A, as needed per the example. In order to reduce any output powerspikes incurred by the shutting off of channel 112A, as an example,tunable coupler TC 1 may also be tuned and the input power of the lasersource may also be adjusted, for example, to reduce the effective inputlaser power accordingly, such that the same optical power level ismaintained at the output 101B. As similarly mentioned above, the controlalgorithm of the computer can be further adapted to control the channelshut-off process, such that, depending on product specifications, theoptical channels may be optically attenuated upwards of over 25 dB withelectrical power consumption below 20 mW. Thus, particularly incomparison to carrier-injection based VOAs, the required powerconsumption of the tunable couplers for channel shut-off is greatlyreduced. Thus, an advantage of the cascaded variable power dividers isthe reduction in operational costs associated with channel shut-offrequirements, due to the reduced power consumption.

FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustrating a control algorithm 240 formonitoring and varying the optical power of an input optical signalbeing transmitted via the integrated four-channel transmitter chip ofFIG. 1 , according to an aspect. As mentioned above, in practice, thetransmitter chip may be in electrical communication with an externalcomputer programmed with a control algorithm. Specifically, the computermay be in electrical communication with the variable power dividers 120and the sets of photodetectors 110A, 110B, shown previously in FIG. 1 .As described above as an example, the tunable couplers may becontrollable such that their respective tuning/splitting ratios may beadjusted. The control algorithm operating on the computer may be adaptedto set the tuning ratios, based on power data collected via thephotodetectors 110A, 110B, such that the tunable couplers 120 may becontrolled in real-time, as an example. Thus, the adjusting and settingof the splitting ratios may be automated during use of the integratedtransmitter chip, such that any detected power loss may be compensatedfor/corrected by the dynamic adjustment of the splitting ratios, as anadditional benefit. As will be described in detail below, the controlalgorithm may thus enable the computer to autonomously control theadjustment of the variable power dividers using the power measured viathe photodetectors.

As shown in FIG. 2 , for a given 4-channel application, as an example,let the laser light signals being output from the output ports O1-O4(e.g., 115 in FIG. 1 ) have an output power, as described previouslythroughout this disclosure above. As indicated at 241, upon initialoperation of the 4-channel transmitter chip, the laser light signalsbeing output from the transmitter chip may be given a certain outputpower target, defined as P1, P2, P3, and P4 for output ports O1-O4,respectively. Once the P1-P4 values have been set (autonomously by thecomputer, by a user, preset by a programmer, etc.), the second stage(e.g., 103B in FIG. 1 ) variable power dividers 120 may be adjusted. Asshown at 242, the splitting ratios of the tunable couplers TC2 and TC3may be set to P1/P2 and P3/P4, respectively. The control algorithm 240may utilize the power readings measured by the photodetectors P1-P8(e.g., 110A and 110B in FIG. 1 ) to monitor the powers P1, P2, P3, andP4 during this process, as an example. As described in detail previouslywhen referring to FIG. 1 , the 4-channel integrated photonicstransmitter chip disclosed herein may function with and accommodate asingle laser source or a dual laser source. As indicated at 243,depending on whether a single laser or a double laser is being used withthe transmitter chip, the control algorithm 240 may proceed with one oftwo paths, as will be described below.

Accordingly, if one laser is being used to transmit laser light throughthe transmitter chip, as shown at 244, the splitting ratio of thetunable coupler TC1 (shown in FIG. 1 , for example) may be set to(P1+P2)/(P3+P4). Subsequently, as shown at 245, the single laser sourcemay be adjusted until the power outputs are equal to the desired outputpower targets P1, P2, P3 and P4 for the output ports O1-O4,respectively. On the other hand, if two laser sources are being used totransmit laser light through the transmitter chip, as shown at 246, thetwo laser sources may be adjusted until the power outputs are equal tothe desired output power target P1, P2, P3 and P4 for the output portsO1-O4, respectively, and thus signifying an optimal transmission ofoptical power.

It should be understood that the above-described control algorithm mayalternatively be executed manually, by, for example, a user, as desired.It should also be understood that the control algorithm shown anddescribed in FIG. 2 may be expanded and modified accordingly toaccommodate larger or smaller multi-channel transmitter chips, such as,for example, 2-channel, 3-channel, 5-channel, 8-channel, 16-channel,etc., chips. It should also be understood that the control algorithm 240described above may be applied for channel-shutoff, described previouslywhen referring to FIG. 1 , for example, by setting any output powertarget to zero (e.g., P1=0).

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a top view of an alternative embodiment301 of the integrated four-channel transmitter chip 101 of FIG. 1 ,according to an aspect. As an example, the alternative embodiment of thetransmitter chip 301 described throughout this disclosure above may beused with a single laser source or two laser sources for thetransmission of laser light power, as similarly described above. Asshown in FIG. 3 , the integrated transmitter chip 301 may comprise thethree input ports 305, the four optical channels 312 extending at leastpartially a length of the transmitter chip 301, and the four outputchannels 315. Additionally, as described above when referring to FIG. 1, each optical channel 312 may comprise two sets of photodetectors 310Aand 310B, as shown, and an integrated modulator 307 and phase shifter308, for example. As will be discussed in more detail below, thisalternative embodiment 301 may comprise two variable power dividers 320,as opposed to the three shown previously in FIG. 1 .

As shown in FIG. 3 , the transmitter chip 301 may comprise a splitter(e.g., a 1×2 coupler) 321 having a fixed splitting ratio of 50/50, inplace of the first-stage variable power divider (e.g., tunable couplerTC1) shown previously in FIG. 1 . The two variable power dividers 320(tunable couplers TC2 and TC3) may be provided parallelly in a singlestage 303 following the splitter 321, as shown as an example. Thevariable power dividers 320 may be 2×2 tunable couplers, for example, asdescribed previously above. As shown, the splitter 321 and the tunablecouplers 320 may optically connect (via waveguides, for example) to thethree input ports 305. As an example, the input port LS1 may opticallyconnect to the splitter 321, which may branch off into twowaveguides/channels 319A and 319B, which may optically connect to thetunable couplers TC2 and TC3, respectively, as shown. Input ports LS2and LS3 may also optically connect to the tunable couplers TC2 and TC3,respectively. The tunable couplers TC2 and TC3 may then each branch offinto two branches, such that to form the four optical channels 312, assimilarly described previously above. As mentioned above, the splitter321 may be a conventional 1×2 coupler, for example, such that thesplitting ratio of the splitter 321 is fixed at 50/50. Thus, asdescribed above, optical signals passing through the splitter 321 willbe split equally in half, such that the resultant powers of the splitoutgoing signals are the same (or substantially the same) value, forexample. Thus, in this embodiment 301, only the tunable couplers TC2 andTC3 may be tuned, such that their respective splitting ratios may beadjusted, as an example.

As mentioned above, the transmitter chip 301 may be adapted to supporteither the single laser approach or the dual laser approach, assimilarly described when referring to FIG. 1 . As shown, let a singlelaser source (not shown) be optically aligned to the input port LS1 ofthe first end 301A of the transmitter chip 301, as an example. Thesingle laser source (not shown) may launch laser light 326 into thetransmitter chip 301 via the input port LS1, as shown as an example. Thelaser light signal 326 may propagate toward the splitter 321, and may besplit in half, for example, such that the resultant laser light beams(not shown) possess the same power. The split laser light beams (notshown) may each propagate along waveguides 319A and 319B toward thetunable couplers TC2 and TC3, respectively, as shown, such that eachlaser light beam may be split a second time, according to the splittingratio of each tunable coupler TC2, TC3, respectively, for example. Theresultant four laser light beams (not shown) may propagate along thefour optical channels 312 and be coupled out of the transmitter chip301, such that the output optical power is transmitted to an externaldevice (not shown) aligned at the output end 301B, for example.

While the splitter 321 cannot be tuned in the same manner as tunablecoupler TC1 (shown in FIG. 1 ), for example, because of the presence ofthe variable power dividers 320, the tuning capabilities of thetransmitter chip 301 are maintained. As an example, the splitting ratioof each tunable coupler TC2, TC3 may be specifically set such that toeffectively achieve a certain level of power uniformity or power ratio,as needed. For example, let it be desired that the level of power ratioat the output 301B for an incoming laser signal having 100% of aninitial power be as follows: 12.5% of the input power at O1, 37.5% ofthe input power at O2, 37.5% of the input power at O3, and 12.5% of theinput power at O4, as a simplified example. Knowing that the splitter321 will divide the incoming laser signal (e.g., 326) in half, such thatthe resultant power of each split signal will be 50% of the originalpower, the tunable coupler TC2 may be tuned to have a splitting ratio of25/75, such that the light signal exiting from output port O1 possessesa power that is 12.5% of the initial power, and that the light signalexiting from output port O2 possesses a power that is 37.5% of theinitial power, per the example. Similarly, the tunable coupler TC3 maybe tuned to have a splitting ratio of 75/25, such that the light signalexiting from output port O3 possesses a power that is 37.5% of theinitial power, and that the light signal exiting from output port O4possesses a power that is 12.5% of the initial power, for example. Thus,having the pair of tunable couplers TC2 and TC3 may allow control overthe tuning of the output power across the four output ports 315.Moreover, due to the replacement of the first variable power divider(e.g., TC1) with the conventional splitter 321, an advantage is thefurther reduction in manufacturing costs as compared with the embodiment101 of FIG. 1 .

In general, for some applications the tuning of only tunable couplersTC2 and TC3 is sufficient, so the control of the tuning of the splittingratios of the tunable couplers TC2 and TC3 in the embodiment of FIG. 3may thus be simplified. As described previously above when referring toFIG. 2 , the transmitter chip disclosed herein may be provided with acontrol algorithm adapted to selectively control the tuning of thesplitting ratios. For the single laser case, as mentioned above, thetunable couplers TC2 and TC3 may be tunable for any splitting ratio ofP1/P2 and P3/P4, respectively, which may yield a sufficient power outputuniformity for certain applications. However, because the splitter 321is fixed at a 50/50 splitting ratio, it should be noted that certaindesired levels of output power uniformity or power ratio may not beachievable in this case. For these more complex combinations of outputpower percentages for the single laser case, which would thus require ahigher number of variable power dividers, it may be preferable toutilize the transmitter chip 101 of FIG. 1 , for example.

In the dual laser source case, as an example, two laser sources (notshown) may launch two optical signals 325A and 325B into the input portsLS2 and LS3, respectively, as similarly described when referring to FIG.1 . Since the laser light signals 325A and 325B do not pass through thesplitter 321 when propagating along the transmitter chip 301, thesplitter 321 essentially has no effect on the dual laser case shown inFIG. 3 . As such, the embodiment 301 shown in FIG. 3 is essentially thesame, in terms of functionality, as the embodiment 101 of FIG. 1 for thedual laser case, since in both transmitter chip variations the twoincoming laser light beams 325A/125A and 325B/125B are only acted uponby the tunable couplers TC2 and TC3, respectively. Thus, the operationof the transmitter chip 301 for the dual laser case is the same as thatdescribed above when referring to FIG. 1 . Additionally, the tunablecouplers TC2 and TC3 may be tuned and controlled according to thecontrol algorithm described previously above when referring to FIG. 2 ,for the dual laser case. Thus, in terms of manufacturing costs, theembodiment of the transmitter chip 301 shown in FIG. 3 may be preferablefor the dual laser case.

It should be understood that all the operations described above withreference to the transmitter chip 301 may be automated, as describedpreviously when referring to FIG. 1 , via the control algorithm (FIG. 2) in an external computer, for example. Compared with the transmitterchip of FIG. 1 , automated control of the transmitter chip 301 shown inFIG. 3 may be slightly more simplified, since the computer only needs totune two variable power dividers, as opposed to the three of FIG. 1 ,for example. Furthermore, the configuration shown in FIG. 3 may stillenable channel shut-off, as described previously when referring to FIG.1 , as a benefit for meeting certain product specifications. As will bedescribed throughout this disclosure below, the transmitter chip 301 maybe further modified and/or simplified, such that the transmitter chip isadapted specifically for either the single laser case or the dual lasercase.

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a top view of a two-input integratedfour-channel transmitter chip 401 having variable power dividers 420,according to an aspect. As mentioned above, the integrated transmitterchip disclosed throughout this disclosure may be modified such that toaccommodate specifically either the single laser case or the dual lasercase. As will be described in detail below, the transmitter chip 401shown in FIG. 4 may be configured specifically for use with two lasersources (not shown).

As shown in FIG. 4 , the transmitter chip 401 may be provided with twoinput ports 405 (LS1 and LS2) optically connected to two variable powerdividers 420 (tunable couplers TC2 and TC3), respectively. As shown, thetunable couplers TC2 and TC3 may be provided in a single stage 403, eachbeing provided as a 1×2 tunable coupler, as opposed to the 2×2 tunablecouplers shown previously in FIGS. 1 & 3 , for example. As shown, thetransmitter chip 401 may be a multi-channel chip comprising four opticalchannels 412, for example, where the optical channels 412 have two setsof photodetectors 410A and 410B, a set of modulators 407, a set of phaseshifters 408, and four output ports 415, as similarly describedthroughout this disclosure above. As shown, the first input port LS1 mayoptically connect to the input of the tunable coupler TC2 and may bebranched off into a first pair of optical channels of the four opticalchannels 412. Similarly, as shown, the second input port LS2 mayoptically connect to the input of the tunable coupler TC3 and may bebranched off into a second pair of optical channels of the four opticalchannels 412, for example. The input ports LS1 and LS2 may receive twoincoming laser beams 425A and 425B, respectively, as shown, which may bedirected toward and subsequently split by the pair of tunable couplersTC2 and TC3, as similarly described throughout this disclosure above.Thus, the optical power of two incoming laser light beams being splitinto four laser light beams may be effectively transmitted to anexternal device (e.g., a fiber array) (not shown) optically aligned tothe output ports O1-O4 at the output edge 401B of the transmitter chip401, as an example.

As similarly described above, the tunable couplers TC2 and TC3 may betunable, such that their respective splitting ratios may be adjusted andcontrolled (via the external computer, for example). The first set ofphotodetectors 410A may measure the light intensity, and thus the power,of each of the signals travelling along the optical channels 412, suchthat to aid the external computer in monitoring the power and thus thetuning of the splitting ratios, as described above. As describedthroughout this disclosure above, the tunable couplers TC2 and TC3 maycontrol the output power of the transmitter chip via their respectivesplitting ratios (following the control algorithm shown in FIG. 2 , forthe dual laser case) and may thus also enable channel shut-off foreffectively closing one or more optical channels 412, as an example. Asstated above, it should be understood that the embodiment of thetransmitter chip 401 shown in FIG. 4 is specifically designed for usewith two laser sources for the transmission of optical power. Thus, dueto the omission of the third input port and the splitter (e.g., 321 inFIG. 3 ) or the first-stage tunable coupler (e.g., TC1 in FIG. 1 ), thefootprint of the chip can be smaller, increasing the production output,as well as reducing the manufacturing costs associated withmanufacturing the transmitter chip 401. Thus, it may be preferable toutilize the embodiment 401 of FIG. 4 when transmitting optical powerusing two laser sources. Furthermore, as similarly described above whenreferring to FIG. 3 , the omission of the first-stage variable powerdivider (e.g., tunable coupler TC1) may also further simplify thecontrol algorithm programmed to control the splitting ratios of thevariable power dividers 420, as an example.

FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a top view of a single-input integratedfour-channel transmitter chip 501 having a variable power divider 520,according to an aspect. As described above, the integrated transmitterchip disclosed herein may be modified, such that to accommodatespecifically the dual laser case, as shown previously in FIG. 4 . Aswill be described in detail below, the transmitter chip 501 shown inFIG. 5 may be configured specifically for transmitting optical poweroriginating from a single laser source.

As shown in FIG. 5 , the transmitter chip 501 may be provided with asingle input port 505 (LS1) optically connected to a single 1×2 variablepower divider 520 (e.g., tunable coupler TC1), as an example. As shown,the tunable couplers TC2 and TC3, shown previously in FIG. 4 , forexample, may be provided as 1×2 splitters, for example. As shown, thetransmitter chip 501 may be a multi-channel chip comprising four opticalchannels 512, where the optical channels 512 have a first and a secondset of photodetectors 510A and 510B, respectively, disposed before andafter a set of modulators 507 and a set of phase shifters 508,respectively, and finally four output ports 515 (O1-O4), as similarlydescribed previously above. For emphasis, as opposed to the previousembodiments shown in FIGS. 1& 3-4 , the transmitter chip 501 of FIG. 5may need only two photodetectors PD1 and PD3, as shown, in the first setof photodetectors 510A disposed before the modulators 507, as mentionedabove. Because only one variable power divider 520 is provided on thetransmitter chip 501, utilizing the photodetectors PD1 and PD3 disposedafter the splitters 521A and 521B, respectively, as shown, may besufficient for providing feedback data (e.g., power measurements) to theexternal computer, for example, regarding the tuning of the tunablecoupler TC1. Thus, due the omission of the second stage variable powerdividers (e.g., tunable couplers TC2 and TC3) and two photodetectors ofthe first set of photodetectors (e.g., PD2 and PD4) the transmitter chip501 may be more compactly designed, thus reducing manufacturing costs,as an advantage.

As shown, the input port LS1 may optically connect to the input of thevariable power divider (tunable coupler TC1) 520 and may be branched offinto two optical channels/waveguides 519A and 519B. The branchedwaveguides 519A and 519B may optically connect to the pair of splitters521A and 521B, respectively, disposed on the transmitter chip 501, asshown. As similarly described above, the splitters 521A and 521B may beconventional splitter couplers, whose splitting ratios are each fixed at50/50, for example. The branched waveguides 519A and 519B may each besplit equally by the splitters 521A and 521B, respectively, and may thusform the four optical channels 512, as shown. The input port 505 mayreceive an incoming laser beam 526, as shown, which may be directedtoward and subsequently split by the variable power divider 520, assimilarly described throughout this disclosure above. The resultantlysplit light beams (not shown) may then propagate along the waveguidebranches 519A and 519B toward the pair of splitters 521A and 521B,respectively, and may subsequently be split a second time, such thatfour laser light beams (not shown) may propagate along the opticalchannels 512. Thus, the optical power of the incoming laser light beambeing split into four laser light beams may be effectively transmittedto a fiber array (not shown) optically aligned at the output 501B of thetransmitter chip 501, as an example.

As similarly described above, the variable power divider 520 may betunable such that the splitting ratio may be adjusted and controlled(via an external computer, for example). As shown, the tuning of theinput power may occur prior to the splitting of the optical signal bythe splitters 521A and 521B, for example. Thus, the control algorithm(described previously when referring to FIG. 2 ) may be adapted, basedon product specifications, constraints, and/or desired output power, totune the splitting ratio of TC1 with respect to the fixed 50/50splitting ratios following afterwards (corresponding to the splitters521A and 521B). The first set of photodetectors 510A may measure thepowers of two of the signals being split by the splitters 521A and 521B,and the second set of photodetectors 510B may measure the powers of thefour optical signals travelling along the optical channels 512, suchthat to aid the external computer in monitoring the tuningfunctionality, as described above. As an example, the variable powerdivider 520 may control the output power of the transmitter chip 510 viaits splitting ratio and may thus also enable channel shut-off. However,because only one variable power divider 520 is used in this embodiment501, either outputs O1 and O2 will be closed, or outputs O3 and O4 willbe closed. As such, if the shutting off of only one optical channel isdesired, the embodiment 501 shown in FIG. 5 may not be preferable. Onthe other hand, for example, it may be possible to substantially enactsingle channel shut off using other on-chip means than the tunablecoupler 520, such as VOAs (as described above), the phase shifters 508,etc.

As stated above, it should be understood that the embodiment of thetransmitter chip 501 shown in FIG. 5 is specifically designed for usewith a single laser source in the transmission of optical power. Thus,due to the omission of the second and third input ports (e.g., LS2 andLS3) and the second and the fourth photodetectors (e.g., PD2 and PD4),the footprint of the chip can be smaller, benefiting the productionvolume, as well as reducing the manufacturing costs associated withmanufacturing the transmitter chip 501. Thus, it may be preferable toutilize the embodiment 501 of FIG. 5 when transmitting optical powerusing one laser source. Furthermore, as similarly described above whenreferring to FIG. 4 , the omission of the second-stage variable powerdividers (e.g., tunable couplers TC2 and TC3) may also further simplifythe control algorithm programmed to control the splitting ratio of thevariable power divider 520, as an example.

As mentioned previously throughout this disclosure above, the integratedtransmitter chip disclosed herein may comprise any number of opticalchannels, greater or lesser than the four channels shown in the drawingspreviously. Additionally, as will be described herein below, theintegrated transmitter chip may be provided with a greater number ofinput ports than the three shown herein previously (e.g., LS1-LS3).Finally, as will also be described in detail below, the integratedtransmitter chip may comprise a larger number of variable power dividersthan the three shown previously in the drawings (e.g., tunable couplersTC1-TC3).

FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a top view of a single-input integratedmulti-channel transmitter chip 601 having n-stage cascaded variablepower dividers 620, according to an aspect. As shown in FIG. 6 , theintegrated multi-channel transmitter chip 601 may comprise a singleinput port 605 (I1) disposed at a first end 601A. Thus, as will bedescribed in detail below, the transmitter chip 601 shown in FIG. 6 maybe configured specifically for transmitting optical power originatingfrom a single laser source and may thus be an alternative embodiment ofthat shown previously in FIG. 5 , as an example.

As shown, the integrated transmitter chip 601 may comprise an n numberof stages of cascaded variable power dividers 620, as an example. Asopposed to the previously described embodiments of the disclosedintegrated transmitter chip, the embodiment 601 shown in FIG. 6showcases that many more than three variable power dividers may beprovided on a single chip, as needed, depending on the size of the chipand the number of optical channels 612, for example. As shown as anexample in FIG. 6 , the input port I1 may be adapted to receive laserlight and may optically connect to a first variable power divider 620Adisposed at Stage #1 (603A). As similarly described throughout thisdisclosure above, the variable power divider 620A may divide the inputport I1 into a first waveguide branch 619A and a second waveguide branch619B, as an example. As shown, the first and the second waveguidebranches 619A and 619B may connect to a second and a third variablepower dividers 620B and 620C, respectively, which are disposed at Stage#2 (603B), as an example. The second and the third variable powerdividers 620B and 620C, respectively, may divide/split each waveguidebranch 619A and 619B, respectively, into subsequent pairs of waveguidebranches, as an example. As shown as an example, the variable powerdivider 620B may divide the first waveguide branch 619A into waveguides629A and 629B, and the variable power divider 620C may divide the secondwaveguide branch 619B into waveguides 629C and 629D, for example.

As mentioned previously above, the transmitter chip 601 may comprise nstages of cascaded variable power dividers 620. As shown in FIG. 6 ,following the second stage 603B variable power dividers 620B and 620C aplurality of variable power dividers may be disposed on the transmitterchip 601 and interconnect between the waveguide pairs 629A and 629B and629C and 629D, respectively, and the variable power dividers 620,respectively, disposed at Stage #n (603N), for example. It should beunderstood that any number of variable power dividers may be providedbetween Stage #2 and Stage #n, and that each variable power divider maybranch an input waveguide branch into a pair of corresponding waveguidebranches, as similarly described above. As shown, following the variablepower dividers 620 at Stage #n (603N), which is the last stage ofcascaded variable power dividers, for example, a plurality of opticalchannels 612 may be provided, as indicated, from two minimum opticalchannels up to 2n optical channels, where n corresponds to the number ofstages of cascaded variable power dividers, as mentioned previouslyabove. As shown in FIG. 6 , each optical channel 612 may be providedwith a first photodetector PD, optically connected via a tap coupler609, with the total number of photodetectors 610A corresponding to thetotal number of optical channels 612, that is, a 2^(n) number ofphotodetectors 610A, for example. It should be understood that eachoptical channel of the plurality of optical channels may directly orindirectly connect to a variable power divider (for power tuning andchannel shut-off capabilities, for example).

As shown in FIG. 6 , the plurality of optical channels 612 may furthercomprise a plurality of functional blocks 630, each functional blockhaving a modulator (e.g., 507 in FIG. 5 ) and a phase shifter (e.g., 508in FIG. 5 ). It should be understood that, depending on the particularapplication, additional or fewer optical components may be provided inthe functional blocks 630, as desired. As shown, following the set offunctional blocks 630, a second set of photodetectors 610B may beprovided on the plurality of optical channels 612 and opticallyconnected via tap couplers 609, for example, the number of secondphotodetectors PD being 2^(n+1) as indicated. Finally, as shown as anexample, each optical channel may conclude with an output port 615disposed at an output end 601B of the integrated transmitter chip 601,the output ports 615 being adapted to couple optical light, andtherefore optical power, out of the transmitter chip 601. As indicated,the total number of output ports 615 may correspond to the total numberof optical channels, which depends on the number of stages 603N, and isdefined by 2^(n), for example.

As described similarly throughout this disclosure above, the variablepower dividers (e.g., 620) may be realized using tunable couplers (1×2or 2×2 tunable couplers, for example), for example, having adjustablesplitting ratios. As previously discussed, laser lights traversingthrough the variable power dividers are split, such that theirrespective optical powers are divided according to the adjustedsplitting ratio. Furthermore, as also described previously, thesplitting ratios may be electrically controlled by an external computerprogrammed with a control algorithm for setting the splitting ratios ofeach of the tunable couplers, as appropriate.

As an example, let the transmitter chip 601 shown in FIG. 6 comprise 3stages of cascaded variable power dividers, such that n=3, for example.As such, the transmitter chip 601 may thus comprise seven variable powerdividers (e.g., tunable couplers), with four of the seven variable powerdividers being disposed at the third stage (i.e., 603N), eight opticalchannels 612, sixteen total photodetectors PD, with a first eight beingdisposed at 610A and a second eight being disposed at 610B, eightfunctional blocks 630, and finally, eight output ports 615. As such,modifying the control algorithm described previously when referring toFIG. 2 for the single laser case, let there be eight power outputtargets P1-P8 corresponding to optical signals being output from theeight output ports O1-O8, respectively, for this particular example.Accordingly, for example, to properly set the variable power dividers,such that to enable a pre-defined power output target P1-P8 at theoutput end 601B of the transmitter chip 601, where P1-P8 each define theoutput power target for each of the eight optical channels 612, let thesplitting ratio of the four variable power dividers disposed at Stage#3, in this example, be set to P1/P2, P3/P4, P5/P6, and P7/P8,respectively. The splitting ratios of the second and the third variablepower dividers 620B and 620C, respectively, may then be adjusted to(P1+P2)/(P3+P4) and (P5+P6)/(P7+P8), respectively, for example. Thesplitting ratio of the first variable power divider 620A may then beadjusted to (P1+P2+P3+P4)/(P5+P6+P7+P8), for example. Finally, the inputlaser source may be adjusted until the optical outputs all are equal toor substantially equal to the output power targets P1-P8 for the outputports O1-O8, respectively, as desired.

The control algorithm programmed and running on the external computermay thus be modified appropriately, as described above per the example,to accommodate a plurality of alternative embodiments of thesingle-input, multi-channel, n-stage transmitter chip shown in FIG. 6 ,depending on the number of stages of cascaded variable power dividersprovided, for example. Thus, the method of the tuning the splittingratios of the variable power dividers such that to control the outputpower of the transmitter chip is not limited to 4-channel transmitterchips and may therefore be applied to transmitter chips having anynumber of optical channels, as an advantage. It should be understoodthat, if desired and/or necessary, to achieve certain power uniformitycapabilities, a greater or lesser number of variable power dividers maybe disposed at Stages #1 and #2, etc., than those shown in FIG. 6 , asan example. As will be described in detail below, the integratedtransmitter chip shown in FIG. 6 may be configured to accommodatemultiple laser sources, rather than solely the single laser casedescribed herein above.

FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a top view of a multi-input integratedmulti-channel transmitter chip 701 having n-stage cascaded variablepower dividers 720, according to several aspects. As shown in FIG. 7 ,the integrated multi-channel transmitter chip 701 may comprise aplurality of input port 705, defined according to the number of stagesof cascaded variable power dividers, as will be discussed in more detailbelow, and disposed along a first end 701A. Thus, as will be describedin detail below, the transmitter chip 701 shown in FIG. 7 may beconfigured specifically for transmitting optical power originating froma plurality of laser sources (i.e., one, two or more) and may thus be analternative embodiment of that shown previously in FIG. 1 , as anexample.

As shown, the integrated transmitter chip 701 may comprise an n numberof stages of cascaded variable power dividers 720, as similarly shown inFIG. 6 , for example. As opposed to the previously described embodimentsof the disclosed multi-input integrated transmitter chip, the embodiment701 shown in FIG. 7 showcases that many more than three variable powerdividers may be provided on a single chip, as needed, depending on thesize of the chip and the number of optical channels 712, for example. Asindicated in FIG. 7 , the plurality of input ports 705 may each beadapted to receive laser light, and, as stated above, the number ofinput ports 705 being defined according to the n number of stages. Asshown as an example, each input port (e.g., I1-I2^(n)) may opticallyextend and connect to a variable power divider (e.g., 720) disposed at astage (e.g., Stage #1) 703A-703N along the integrated transmitter chip701. For example, a first input port I1 may optically connect to atop-most variable power divider 720D, and the last input port 12″ mayoptically connect to a bottom-most variable power divider 720E, asshown. As similarly described throughout this disclosure above, eachvariable power divider (e.g., 720A, 720B) may divide their respectivelyconnected input port (e.g., I1) into a first waveguide branch and asecond waveguide branch, as an example. For example, referring tovariable power divider 720A disposed at Stage #1 (703A), which may berealized using a 2×2 tunable coupler, a first and a second input ports(labeled I2^(n−1) and I2^(n+1)) may each be optically branched, asshown, into a first and a second waveguides 719A and 719B, respectively.As such, laser light signals being launched into input ports I2^(n−1)and I2^(n−1)+1 may each be divided/split (according to the splittingratio of variable power divider 720A) and directed respectively throughwaveguides 719A and 719B, for example. It should be understood that,depending on the number of input ports and the configuration of thetransmitter chip 701, each of the variable power dividers provided maybe 2×2 or 1×2 tunable couplers, as needed, as an example.

As shown, referring still to variable power divider 720A, the first andthe second waveguide branches 719A and 719B may connect to a second anda third variable power dividers 720B and 720C, respectively, which aredisposed at Stage #2 (703B), as an example. The second and the thirdvariable power dividers 720B and 720C, respectively, may divide/spliteach waveguide branch 719A and 719B, respectively, into subsequent pairsof waveguide branches, as an example. As shown as an example, thevariable power divider 720B may divide the first waveguide branch 719Ainto waveguides 729A and 729B, and the variable power divider 720C maydivide the second waveguide branch 719B into waveguides 729C and 729D,for example. Each of the second and the third variable power dividers720B and 720C may be realized using 2×2 tunable couplers in thisexample. It should be understood that, if desired and/or necessary, toachieve certain power uniformity capabilities, a greater or lessernumber of variable power dividers may be disposed at Stages #1 and #2,as an example.

As mentioned previously above, the transmitter chip 701 may comprise nstages of cascaded variable power dividers 720. As shown in FIG. 7 ,following the second stage 703B variable power dividers 720B and 720C aplurality of variable power dividers may be disposed on the transmitterchip 701 and interconnect between the waveguide pairs 729A and 729B and729C and 729D, respectively, and the variable power dividers 720C and720D, respectively, disposed at Stage #n (703N), for example. It shouldbe understood that any number of variable power dividers may be providedbetween Stage #2 and Stage #n, and that each variable power divider maybranch an input waveguide branch into a pair of corresponding waveguidebranches, as similarly described above. As shown, following the variablepower dividers 720 at Stage #n (703N), which is the last stage ofcascaded variable power dividers, for example, a plurality of opticalchannels 712 may be provided, as indicated, from the minimum 2^(n−1)+1optical channels up to a maximum of 2^(n) optical channels, where ncorresponds to the number of stages of cascaded variable power dividers,as mentioned previously above. As shown in FIG. 7 , each optical channel712 may be provided with a first photodetector PD, optically connectedvia a tap coupler 709, with the total number of photodetectors 710Acorresponding to the total number of optical channels 712, that is, a2^(n) number of photodetectors 710A, for example. It should beunderstood that each optical channel of the plurality of opticalchannels may directly or indirectly connect to a variable power divider(for power tuning and channel shut-off capabilities, for example). Itshould also be understood that, when the n number of stages is large,some waveguide crossing may be required due to the increased layoutcomplexity of the integrated transmitter chip. Such waveguide crossingsare omitted from the diagram of FIG. 7 for simplicity.

As shown in FIG. 7 , the plurality of optical channels 712 may furthercomprise a plurality of functional blocks 730, as previously describedwhen referring to FIG. 6 , each functional block having a modulator(e.g., 507 in FIG. 5 ) and a phase shifter (e.g., 508 in FIG. 5 ). Itshould be understood that, depending on the particular application,additional or fewer optical components may be provided in the functionalblocks 730, as desired. As shown, following the set of functional blocks730, a second set of photodetectors 710B may be provided on theplurality of optical channels 712 and optically connected via tapcouplers 709, for example, the number of second photodetectors 710Bbeing 2^(n), as indicated. Finally, as shown as an example, each opticalchannel may conclude with an output port 715 disposed at an output end701B of the integrated transmitter chip 701, the output ports 715 beingadapted to couple optical signals, and therefore optical power, out ofthe transmitter chip 701. As indicated, the total number of output ports715 may correspond to the total number of optical channels, whichdepends on the number of stages 703N, as mentioned above, and is definedby 2^(n), for example.

As described similarly throughout this disclosure above, the variablepower dividers (e.g., 720) may be realized using tunable couplers, forexample, having adjustable splitting ratios. As previously discussed,optical signals traversing through the variable power dividers aresplit, such that their respective optical powers are divided accordingto the adjusted splitting ratio. Furthermore, as also describedpreviously, the splitting ratios may be electrically controlled by anexternal computer programmed with a control algorithm for setting thesplitting ratios of each of the tunable couplers, as appropriate.

As an example, let the transmitter chip 701 shown in FIG. 7 comprise 3stages of cascaded variable power dividers, such that n=3, for example.As such, the transmitter chip 701 may thus comprise eight input ports705, seven variable power dividers (e.g., tunable couplers), with fourof the seven variable power dividers being disposed at the third stage(i.e., 703N), eight optical channels 712, sixteen total photodetectorsPD, with a first eight being disposed at 710A and a second eight beingdisposed at 710B, eight functional blocks 730, and finally, eight outputports 715. It should be understood that not all eight of the input portsI1-I8 may necessarily be used during any given operation of thetransmitter chip 701. As similarly described previously above whenreferring to FIG. 6 , the control algorithm shown previously in FIG. 2may be modified from the dual laser case to appropriately accommodatethe now 8-channel transmitter chip in this example. As such, let therebe eight power outputs P1-P8 corresponding to output optical signalsbeing output from the eight output ports O1-O8, for this particularexample. Accordingly, for example, to properly set the variable powerdividers, such that to enable a power output target P1-P8 for each ofthe output ports O1-O8, respectively, at the output end 701B of thetransmitter chip 701, where P1-P8 each define the output power targetfor each of the eight optical channels 712, let the splitting ratio ofthe four variable power dividers disposed at Stage #3, in this example,be set to P1/P2, P3/P4, P5/P6, and P7/P8, respectively. The splittingratios of the second and the third variable power dividers 720B and720C, respectively, may then be adjusted to (P1+P2)/(P3+P4) and(P5+P6)/(P7+P8), respectively, for example. Finally, each of the inputlaser sources (e.g., minimum of one laser source) may be adjusted untilthe output optical signals are all equal to or substantially equal tooutput power targets P1-P8 for the output ports O1-O8, respectively, asdesired.

The control algorithm programmed and running on the external computermay thus be modified appropriately, as described above per the example,to accommodate a plurality of alternative embodiments of themulti-input, multi-channel, n-stage transmitter chip shown in FIG. 7 ,depending on the number of stages of cascaded variable power dividersprovided, for example. Thus, the method of tuning the splitting ratiosof the variable power dividers such that to control the output power ofthe transmitter chip is not limited to 4-channel transmitter chipshaving three input ports and may therefore be applied to transmitterchips having any number of optical channels, as an advantage.

As described throughout this disclosure above, the tuning of thevariable power dividers may be achieved by various suitable means, suchas, for example, electro-optic effect, thermo-optic effect,magnetic-optic effect, mechanical effect, MEMS, etc. As an example, thetuning can be further optimized or improved using various approaches,such as using differential thermo-optic phase shifting, and/or usingundercuts or trenches for lower power consumption. While the tuning ofthe tunable couplers has been described herein as being controlled andachieved by a computer control algorithm, the tuning may alternativelybe controlled manually (e.g., by a user). Additionally, the transmitterchip and the optical components described herein may be applicable tovarious integrated photonics platforms, such as, for example, thosebased on silicon, silicon nitride, silica, lithium niobate, polymer,III-V materials, hybrid material platforms, etc. The transmitter chipdisclosed herein may be used with optical signals at wavelength rangesother than O-band, such as, for example, the visible light range, or E,S, C and/or L-bands. In addition, the disclosed transmitter chip may beused for other optical applications than power transmission fordata-center applications, such as, for example, optical communications,optical sensing, optical computing, automotive applications, quantumapplications, etc.

It should be understood that, as used throughout this disclosure above,percentages stated with reference to the splitting ratios of the tunablecouplers are idealized and exemplary, and that in practice the dividedpercentages of the input power may be lower than actually stated due tonatural loss, error, etc. It should be noted that the laser sources usedherein may be any suitable type of laser, such as, for example,semiconductor-based lasers, fiber-based lasers, gas-based lasers, etc.,as needed for the optical application. It should also be understood thatother light sources may be used other than a laser, as described above.For example, it may be possible for a light-emitting diode (LED),amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) source, or any other suitable lightsource, to be utilized with the integrated transmitter chip disclosedherein above. It should also be understood that the illustrated size ofthe transmitter chip, as well as the sizes of the various opticalcomponents, is not drawn to scale and should therefore not beinterpreted or limited as such. It should also be understood that, asshown in FIG. 4 , for example, a fewer or greater number ofphotodetectors may be used with the transmitter chip disclosed herein.Furthermore, while it was mentioned above that germanium photodetectorsare used in the disclosed invention, it should be understood that anysuitable type of photodetector may be used. While MZI modulators aredepicted throughout the drawings herein, it should be understood thatany suitable type of modulator may be used, such as, for example, ringmodulator, directional coupler modulator, photonic crystal modulator,Bragg grating modulator, electro-absorption modulator, etc.

FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating a top view of an integrated four-inputeight-optical channel transmitter chip 801 having two four-channelmultiplexers 827 and two outlet ports (2×4), according to an aspect. Theherein disclosed transmitter chip 801 of FIG. 8 may be similar to thetransmitter chip 401 of FIG. 4 but may be referred to as a WDM-enhanced2×4 transmitter and have several notable differences. As can be seen,the transmitter chip 801 may include four input ports 805 disposed atits first end 801A with only two outlet ports 815 on its second end801B. Thus, the disclosed transmitter chip of 801 may use twice as manylaser beams 826, twice as many input ports 805, and twice as manyoptical channels 812, but half as many output ports 815, as thetransmitter chip 401 of FIG. 4 . In order to facilitate a reducedquantity of outlet ports 815 present on this transmitter chip 801, whiledoubling the transmission capacity of the transmitter chip 801, saidtransmitter chip 801 may implement two wavelength division multiplexers(“WDM multiplexers”, “WDMs”) 827 to combine the eight total opticalchannels 812 within the transmitter chip 801 into two outlet ports 815by the time said optical channels 812 reach the second end 801B of thetransmitter chip, effectively combining eight optical signals into a twomulti-wavelength output optical signals.

As with the previously disclosed transmitter chips, the followingtransmitter chips 801, 901, 1001 of FIGS. 8-10B may be configured tosupport PAM signals. While the usage of four unique lasers beams 826 mayresult in the disclosed transmitters chips 801, 901, 1001 of FIGS. 8-10Bappearing more complex when compared to the transmitter chips disclosedhereinabove, such as transmitter chip 401 of FIG. 4 , said transmitterschips 801, 901, 1001 may be configured to produce significantly morecomplex optical signals than the other less complex transmitter chips.This would effectively allow multiple, simpler transmitter chipsutilized within a transceiver to be replaced with fewer, more complexones, thus reducing the complexity of the overall transceiver assembly.

The disclosed transmitter chip 801 of FIG. 8 may use four laser beams826 that are each optically connected to a corresponding input port 805on the first end 801A of the transmitter chip 801, wherein each of thefour laser beams 826 is itself monochromatic and has a differentwavelength than the other laser beams 826. These laser beams 826 maycomprise a first laser beam 826A having a first wavelength (λ₁), asecond laser beam 826B having a second wavelength (λ₂), a third laserbeam 826C having a third wavelength (λ₃), and a fourth laser beam 826Dhaving a fourth wavelength (λ₄). For example, a transmitter utilized forCoarse WDM (“CWDM”) applications may have a first wavelength of 1271 nm,a second wavelength of 1291 nm, a third wavelength of 1311 nm and fourthwavelength of 1331 nm, thus having a 20 nm channel spacing. It should beunderstood that each of these wavelengths may be modified accordinglyfor other applications, such as Dense WDM application, LAN WDMapplications, etc.

As described above, each of the laser beams 826 (LS1-LS4) may have aunique wavelength when compared to the other laser beams. Upon eachlaser beam 826 entering a corresponding input port 805, each laser beam826 may travel through a corresponding variable power divider 820 inorder to split each laser beam 826 into two separate optical channels812, and thus two split laser beams. Each optical channel 812 may travelinto a corresponding functional block 830 having an MZI modulator 807and a phase shifter 808 for suitable encoding and phase shifting of thesplit laser beams 826 traveling through their corresponding opticalchannels 812 into corresponding modulated optical signals. Afteremerging from a functional block 830, each produced optical signal maycontinue traveling through its respective optical channel 812 until itis multiplexed within a corresponding WDM 827. Each WDM 827 may have afirst, second, third and fourth multiplexer input (827A, 827B, 827C and827D, respectively) and a final multiplexer output 827E, wherein saidWDM 827 is configured to combine the different wavelength opticalsignals entering each multiplexer input into an output optical signalthat travels out of its final multiplexer output 827E and finally thecorresponding output port 815 of the transmitter chip 801.

Each WDM 827 may be configured to optically connect to a specificoptical channel 812 from each laser beam 826. As can be seen in FIG. 8 ,one of the two optical channels branched from each laser beam 826 may beoptically connected to each WDM 827. This configuration depicted in FIG.8 , as well as FIG. 9A and FIG. 10A, wherein each WDM 827 is opticallyconnected to each laser beam 826 by a corresponding optical channel 812provides the disclosed transmitter 801 with various advantages. Eachvariable power divider 820 may be utilized to adjust the power of itscorresponding split laser beams, and thus the power of its correspondingoptical signals independently of the power of other optical signals,thus affording the transmitter a significant deal of operationalflexibility. This feature of independently tunable signals, each havinga unique wavelength, which are multiplexed into a multi-wavelengthoutput optical signal prior to transmission, increases the manufacturingyield of said transmitter, while simultaneously reducing transmittercost per unique signal generated. Utilization of the disclosedtransmitted chip 801 within a transceiver (not shown) may double thetransmission capacity of the transceiver assembly, when compared toutilizing transmitter chip 401 of FIG. 4 within the same transceiverassembly, while using proportionally the same number of lasers sources826, thus reducing the transmitter cost per unique optical signalgenerated. As such, this configuration of transmitter may utilize feweroutput connections when compared to previously disclosed configurations,thus reducing the transmitter cost.

A key advantage of the herein disclosed integrated transmitter chip 801of FIG. 8 is that said transmitter chip 801, through the use of aplurality of tunable couplers 820 may generate twice as many opticalsignals as it has incoming laser beams 826, similarly to transmitterchip 401 of FIG. 4 . However, unlike the transmitter chip 401 of FIG. 4, the transmitter chip 801 of FIG. 8 may only have two outlet ports 815,each of which carries four different wavelength optical signals combinedinto a single output optical signal. By having these four differentwavelength signals multiplexed into a single output optical signal, thedisclosed transmitter chip 801 of FIG. 8 may utilize fewer output cablesper unique wavelength optical signal, thus saving on cable costs.Additionally, because the variable power dividers 820 are capable ofselectively adjusting the power of the split laser beams 826 travellingthrough their corresponding optical channels 812, and thus independentlycontrol the output power of each wavelength sent to each output port,the transmitter may maintain its ability to fine tune the power of eachwavelength of the output optical signal. This allows the transmitterchip 801 to transmit a large amount of data quickly, while allowing forindependently tuning of a signal output within each wavelength andrequiring fewer output connections, thus further reducing costs.

It should be understood that each of the photodetectors 810A, 810B andthe variable power dividers 820 may be in electronic communication witha computer, as described hereinabove, such that the optical powerdirected through each optical channel 812 may be measured and suitablyadjusted by a user or autonomously by a computer system. Unlessotherwise noted, the various components described hereinbelow mayfunction comparably to their equivalents disclosed in previousembodiments. For example, the first photodetectors 810A for each opticalpathway 812 may be used to measure the power of the laser beam enteringeach functional block 830, whereas the second photodetectors 810B may beused to measure the power of the optical signal exiting eachcorresponding functional block 830, accordingly, wherein both the firstand second photodetectors 810A, 810B are configured to be electronicallyattached to a computer configured to adjust their corresponding variablepower dividers 820 accordingly. Further embodiments utilizing thedisclosed WDM 827 are discussed hereinbelow. The disclosed transmittersof 801, 901, 1001, etc. of FIG. 8, 9A, 10A, etc. may be incorporated insmall form factor pluggable optical transceivers, such as QSFP-DD, OSFP,CFP2, CFP4 that can support various high data rate applications (forexample, 50 Gbps, 100 Gbps, or 200 Gbps of each optical channel 812).

As can be seen in FIGS. 8-10B, each laser beam 826, 926, 1026 may followa particular optical path before being split, encoded as an opticalsignal, multiplexed and transmitted out of the integrated transmitterchip 801, 901, 1001. For example, as seen in FIG. 8 , each laser beam826 may enter the transmitter chip 801 through a corresponding inputport 805 before being split by a corresponding variable power divider820 into corresponding split laser beam. Each split laser beam maytravel though corresponding functional block having an MZI modular 807and a phase shifter 808 configured to encode the corresponding splitlaser beam into an optical signal and phase shift said optical signal,accordingly. Next, an optical signal from each laser beam 826 may travelinto a corresponding WDM 827, such that each WDM 827 receives an opticalsignal from each laser beam 826. Finally, each WDM 827 may multiplex andselectively polarize the incoming optical signals into an output opticalsignal having two unique polarization modes, which will be discussed ingreater detail hereinbelow. These optical pathway may be suitablymodified by additional, cascading variable power dividers 820, whereineach laser beam 826 would be further split into additional split laserbeams which are used to generate additional optical signals which aremultiplexed within additional WDMs 827, as seen in transmitter chip 901of FIG. 9A. Regardless of the configuration, each WDM 827 is configuredto be optically connected to one optical channel 812 from each uniquelaser beam 826, such that the WDM 827 receivers a plurality of opticalsignals, each of which has a different wavelength.

In order to provide an ideal WDM 827, said WDM 827 must achieve certaincriteria. One such criteria is that the passband insertion loss for saidWDM 827 should be minimized. Minimization of the insertion loss over thepass band will allow the utilization of said WDM 827 to only minimallyimpact the power requirements for the associated transmitter 801, thusreducing the operating cost. Additionally, the passband for the WDM 827should be sufficiently flat, such that amount of insertion loss isapproximately the same over the wavelength range defined by saidpassband. By having a flat pass band, the WDM 827 may performconsistently, regardless of potential temperature fluctuations that mayoccur during device operation. The desire to have both a low insertionloss for the passband, as well as a flat passband will be furtherarticulated hereinbelow. In an example, a passband may be considered tohave a low insertion loss if it has a consistent insertion loss of lessthan 1.0 dB over the bandwidth.

The utilization of the disclosed WDMs 827 with the variable powerdividers 820 within a transmitter chip 801 may provide said transmitterchip 801 with unique capabilities. The combination of the variable powerdividers 820 with the WDMs 827 allows for the power of each opticalsignal present in the final multiplexed output optical signal leavingeach WDM 827 to be individually adjusted, thus allowing the outputoptical signals to be tuned based upon the needs of the application. TheWDMs 827 also complement the functionality of variable power dividers820 as well, as the variable power dividers 820 are configured to splita singular input into multiple outputs, while the WDMs 827 areconfigured to combine multiple optical signals into a singular combinedoutput optical signal, thus minimizing external elements and maximizingthe quantity of unique signals generated. As such, high complexitysignals may be generated to optimize data transmission speeds, whilelimiting the amount of input light beams 826 and outgoing opticalconnections needed, thusly reducing transmitter cost while maintainingor increasing transmitter efficiency. The ability of the variable powerdividers 820 to adjust the output power of each wavelength of opticalsignal from the laser beams 826 to each output port 815 independentlymay increase the manufacturing yield while reducing the cost of theincorporated transmitter 801.

FIG. 9A is a diagram illustrating a top view of an integratedfour-input, 16-optical channel transmitter chip 901 having fourfour-channel multiplexers 927 and four outlet ports 915 (4×4), accordingto an aspect. FIG. 9B is a diagram illustrating a top view of a singleinput four-channel transmitter block configured for use within thetransmitter chip 901 of FIG. 9A, according to an aspect. Similarly totransmitter chip 801 of FIG. 8 , the transmitter chip of FIGS. 9A-9B maybe referred to as a WDM-enhanced 4×4 transmitter. By utilizing more thanone stage of variable power dividers 920 for each wavelength of laserbeam 926 traveling through the disclosed transmitter chip 901, thecapacity of said transmitter chip 901 may be further increased, whilesimultaneously reducing the cost of the transmitter chip 901 per uniqueoptical signal generated. As can be seen in FIG. 9A, the transmitterchip 901 may be configured to receive four laser beams 926, similarly totransmitter 801 of FIG. 8 . However, transmitter 901 may generate 16total optical signals which are then multiplexed and transmitted throughfour outlet ports 915, effectively doubling the transmitter capacity,when compared to transmitter chip 801 of FIG. 8 and quadrupling thetransmitter capacity, when compared to transmitter chip 401 of FIG. 4 .Such increases to capacity that do not utilize proportionally more laserlights 926 may reduce the transmitter cost per unique optical signalgenerated.

As can be seen in FIG. 9B, the structure of each transmitter block 928may have three variable power dividers 920. First, a laser beam 926 mayenter transmitter 901 through a corresponding first variable powerdivider 920A, acting as the first stage 903A of cascading variable powerdividers, splitting a singular wavelength laser beam into two splitbeams that each travel within corresponding separate waveguides 919A,919B, similarly to what is described in transmitter chip 101 of FIG. 1 .Then, each split beam exiting the first variable power divider 920A maybe further split into two separate optical channels 912A, 912B by eithera second variable power divider 920B or third variable power divider920C, both belonging to a second stage 903B of variable power dividers.The second and third variable power dividers 920B, 920C may be opticallybranched from the first variable power divider 920A, accordingly. Eachsplit laser beam exiting a second stage 903B variable power divider maytravel through a corresponding optical channel, such as optical channels912A, 912B, before entering a functional block 930 for modulation andphase shifting. These two stages (903A, 903B) of variable power dividers920 are configured to split a singular laser beam 926 into four separatesplit laser beams that are directed through four separate opticalchannels 912. Each optical signal generated from a specific laser beam926 may be multiplexed within a different WDM 927, such that each WDM927 combines four optical signals of different wavelengths into asingular output optical signal, which is subsequently transmittedthrough the corresponding outlet port 915. This allows the four incominglaser beams 926 to be used to generate 16 unique optical signals whichare then multiplexed into four outgoing output optical signals, eachexiting the transmitter chip 901 through a corresponding outlet port915.

By utilizing multiple stages 903A, 903B of cascading variable powerdividers 920, similarly to what is seen in transmitter 101 of FIG. 1 ,the transmitter chip 901 of FIG. 9 may generate twice as many opticalsignals as the transmitter chip 801 of FIG. 8 , each of which may beindividually tuned, thus providing an increase to manufacturing yieldwhile reducing the transmitter cost per unique signal generated. Unliketransmitter chip 101 of FIG. 1 , each variable power divider 920 withinthe transmitter chip 901 acts as a 1×2 coupler, thus turning a singularwavelength laser beam 926 into four split beams, and subsequently fourseparate optical signals. As described hereinabove, each channel 912exiting a specific transmitter block 928 may be optically connected to adifferent WDM 927, such that each multiplexer 927 receives andmultiplexes four different wavelength optical signals into a combinedoutput optical signal. The mechanism through which the disclosed WDM 927combines each of the incoming optical signals will be discussed ingreater detail hereinbelow.

As with the prior described transmitter 801 chip of FIG. 8 , transmitterchip 901 of FIG. 9A may use a plurality of variable power dividers 920in conjunction with a plurality of WDMs 927 to generate a plurality oftunable multi-wavelength output optical signals, wherein the power ofeach wavelength of signal within the multi-wavelength output opticalsignal may be selectively adjusted. By incorporating a cascade ofvariable power couplers 920 within the transmitter chip 901, thedisclosed transmitter chip 901 may allow for the generation of moreunique, tunable signals, thus increasing the capacity of the transmitterchip 901 and manufacturing yield, while reducing the overall transmittercosts. This structure of utilizing cascading variable power dividers 920may be expanded upon to include additional cascading stages, as will bediscussed in greater detail hereinbelow.

As with the functional blocks 730, 830 of FIG. 7 , FIG. 8 ,respectively, each functional block 930 of FIG. 9A may be preceded by afirst photodetector 910A and followed by a second photodetector 910B, toprovide a means of monitoring each produced optical signal. This may bethe same for any described functional block disclosed herein, unlessotherwise noted. Similarly, the disclosed transmitter chip 901 of FIG.9A may have a first end 901A on which input ports 905 are disposed and asecond end 901B on which output ports 915 are disposed. This may also bethe same for all transmitter chips described herein.

It should be understood that each element of the herein disclosedtransmitter chips 1001, 901, 801, etc. is suitably optically connectedto/in optical communication with elements on the same optical pathway.In the transmitter chip 901 of FIG. 9A-9B a top-most laser beam 926A mayenter the transmitter chip 901 through a top-most input port 905A. Saidtop-most input port 905A may be optically connected to a top-mosttransmitter block 928A, which itself is optically connected to each ofthe four WDMs 927. Each WDM 927 may be optically connected to acorresponding outlet port 915. As such, optical pathways may be definedby the path followed by a laser beam/signal traveling through opticallyconnected elements. It should also be understood that certain opticalcomponents, such as the variable power dividers 920 may be opticallyconnected to more than two elements, and thus may allow light to followdifferent optical pathways depending on how said elements areconfigured.

FIG. 10A is a diagram illustrating a top view of a multi-inputintegrated multi-channel transmitter chip 1001 having m number of2n-channel transmitter blocks 1028 and 2 n of m channel WDMs 1027,according to several aspects. FIG. 10B is a diagram illustrating a topview of a single input 2^(n)-channel 1012 transmitter block 1028 havingn-stages of tunable power dividers 1020 and MZI modulators, wherein saidtransmitter block 1028 is configured for use within the transmitter chip1001 of FIG. 10A, according to an aspect. The transmitter chip 1001 ofFIG. 10A-10B may be referred to as a WDM-enhanced 2^(n)×m photonictransmitter. The disclosed variable structure of the transmitter block1028 of FIG. 10B may be the same as or similar to the variable structureof transmitter chip 601 of FIG. 6 . Through incorporation of a pluralityof WDMs 1027 within the transmitter chip 1001 of FIG. 10A, the pluralityof generated signals may be multiplexed into fewer, more complexsignals, in order to reduce the necessary quantity of outlet cables orcomparable connection devices needed to transmit the output opticalsignals exiting the transmitter chip 1001, thus reducing costs.

The disclosed variable structure of transmitter chip 1001 may have aquantity of laser beams 1026, input ports 1005 and transmitter blocks1028 defined by the variable “m”, such that the transmitter chip 1001has m laser beams, each of which is coupled into a correspondingtransmitter block 1028 of the m total transmitter blocks 1028. Eachtransmitter block 1028 may have one or more variable power dividers1020, wherein said power dividers 1020 may be arranged in a cascadedformation having at least one stage, wherein the number of stages isdefined by the variable “n”, as described previously in FIG. 6 . Assuch, each transmitter block 1028 would have 2^(n) optical channels1012. As such, a transmitter 1001 having an n value of two and an mvalue of four may be the same as transmitter chip 901 of FIG. 9A, havingtwo cascading stages of variable power dividers 1020 (three powerdividers 1020) and four transmitter blocks, each transmitter blockhaving four optical channels 1012. As expected, these n and m values maybe adjusted to provide a suitably sized and arranged transmitter chip1001 for a given application. Similarly to the transmitter chip 701 ofFIG. 7 , the transmitter block 1028 of FIG. 10B may have a firstvariable power divider 1020A as the first stage 1003A of cascadingvariable power dividers 1020, a second variable power divider 1020B anda third variable power divider 1020C as the second stage 1003B ofcascading variable power dividers, while including a top-most variablepower divider 1020D and a bottom-most variable power divider 1020E in afinal stage 1003N of cascading variable power dividers, all of which arearranged similarly to their counterparts in FIG. 7 . Each second stage1003B variable power divider 1020B may be optically branched from thefirst variable power divider 1020A, while each third stage variablepower divider may be branched from the second or third variable powerdivider 1020B, 1020C, and so on. It should be understood that the term“optically branched” and its equivalents indicate that the describedelements are in optical communication, such that each third stagevariable power divider optically branched from the second or thirdvariable power divider 1020B, 1020C is in optical communication withsaid second or third variable power divider 1020B, 1020C, accordingly.

Each of the variable power dividers 1020 may operate as a 1×2 couplerand split an incoming laser beam into two outgoing split laser beams. Aswith previously described embodiments, each split laser beam 1026 maypass by a first photodetector 1010A before entering the functional block1030, whereas the corresponding optical signal exiting the functionalblock 1030 may pass by a second photodetector 1010B, such that theoptical properties of each split laser beam and its resultant opticalsignal may be monitored and adjusted accordingly through manipulation ofthe corresponding variable power divider(s) 1020, again affording thetransmitter great flexibility and increased manufacturing yield.

It should be understood that each WDM 1027 may be configured tomultiplex more than four optical signals into a singular output opticalsignal. In an embodiment, the WDM 1027 may be configured to multiplexeight optical signals into a singular output signal, wherein the WDM1027 would utilize a plurality of cascading AMZIs, or other comparablemultiplexing subunits to multiplex the incoming optical signals into twocombined optical signals before rotating the polarization of one of thecombined optical signals and combining said combined optical signals togenerate the output optical signal. Such a WDM 1027 may comprise twomultiplexing subunits, such as multiplexing subunits 1131 of FIG. 11C,each of which utilize two cascading stages, similarly to how thevariable power dividers 920 are arranged in FIG. 9A, but wherein theoptical signals enter a multiplexing subunit as four separate inputsthat leave as a singular output. After the input signals are suitablymultiplexed into a total of two combined optical signals, said combinedoptical signals may travel into a polarization beam rotator combiner(“PBRC”, “polarization rotator and beam combiner”, “PRBC”), such aspolarization beam rotator combiner 1132 of FIG. 11B, allowing for theuse of both TE and TM polarization modes in each output optical signal.The utilization of TE and TM polarization modes will allow the WDM 1027to use fewer cascading stages within corresponding multiplexingsubunits. The advantage of a PBRC over cascading AMZIs is low insertionloss and flat transmission response for a wide wavelength range and thusminimization of effects due to wavelength shifts resulting fromtemperature and manufacturing variations. As such, the utilization ofPBRC within a WDM 1027 allows for the relaxing of the design of said WDM1027 and thus the resulting transmitter 1001. Another advantage of usinga polarization beam rotator combiner is eliminating the cascading AMZIstage having the narrowest wavelength spacing between the multiplexedchannels. A wider wavelength separation will improve multiplexingsubunit yield and thus reduce the transmitter cost. Additionally, saidPBRC may inherently allow for the combination of signals having the samewavelength, as a result of utilizing orthogonal polarizations (TE & TM)for each modulated signal. The WDM 1027 and its corresponding elementswill be described in greater detail hereinbelow.

FIG. 11A is a diagram illustrating a top view of a four-channel dualpolarization multiplexer 1127, according to an aspect. FIG. 11B is adiagram illustrating a top view of a polarization beam rotator combiner1132 for use within the four-channel dual polarization WDM multiplexer1127, according to an aspect. FIG. 11C is a diagram illustrating a topview of a 2N channel dual polarization multiplexer 1127, according to anaspect. The disclosed four channel dual polarization WDM multiplexer1127 of FIG. 11A, or an embodiment of its generic variant depicted inFIG. 11C, may be utilized in transmitter chips 801, 901, 1001 of FIG. 8,9A or 10A, respectively, or any other suitable transmitter chip, as theWDMs. As seen in FIG. 11A, a four-channel dual polarization multiplexer1127 may comprise two asymmetrical Mach-Zehnder Interferometers (AMZI)1131A, 1131B optically connected to a PBRC 1132. The PBRC 1132 isconfigured to receive two different combined optical signals, onecombined optical signal from each multiplexing subunit 1131 opticallybranched from it, change the polarization of one of the two combinedoptical signals, and simultaneously combine said two combined opticalsignals into a dual polarized, multi-wavelength output optical signal.Additionally, the WDM 1127 may use different types of multiplexersubunits 1131, such as echelle gratings, AWGs, etc., based on theapplication of the transmitter. As such, the disclosed multiplexer 1127of FIG. 11C may comprise a first multiplexing subunit 1131A and a secondmultiplexing subunit 1131B optically branched from a polarization beamrotator combiner 1132.

The disclosed four channel dual polarization multiplexer 1127 mayinclude a first AMZI 1131A and a second AMZI 1131B. As described above,these two AMZIs 1131A, 1131B may be referred to as multiplexing subunits1131, as a result of their utilization within the four-channel dualpolarization multiplexer 1127. In the embodiment of FIG. 11A, the firstmultiplexer input 1127A may be optically connected to a correspondingoptical channel from a first laser beam, while the second multiplexerinput 1127B may be optically connected to corresponding optical channelfrom a third laser beam. Additionally, the third multiplexer input 1127Cmay be optically connected to a corresponding optical channel from afourth laser beam, while the fourth multiplexer input 1127D may beoptically connected to a corresponding channel from a second laser beam.The first and third optical channels may belong to the first pluralityof optical channels with their corresponding optical signals belongingto the first plurality of optical signals. The second and fourth opticalchannels may belong to the second plurality of optical channels withtheir corresponding optical signals belonging to the second plurality ofoptical signals. Each optical signal of the first plurality of opticalsignals may have a wavelength belonging to a first plurality ofwavelengths, wherein the wavelengths of the first plurality ofwavelengths are evenly spaced (e.g., adjacent wavelengths are separatedby the same wavelength spacing, 1271 nm, 1311 nm, 1351 nm, etc., forexample). Similarly, each optical signal of the second plurality ofoptical signals may have a wavelength belonging to a second plurality ofwavelengths, wherein the wavelengths of the second plurality ofwavelengths are also evenly spaced. It should be understood that each“monochromatic” optical signal multiplexed within a specific WDM 1127may have a different monochromatic wavelength, wherein the term“monochromatic” is used to indicate that each corresponding laser beamused to generate a specific optical signal only emits a singularwavelength. It should be understood that after modulation, the laserspectrum is expanded into a cluster of wavelengths around the laserbeam's wavelength.

As can be seen in FIG. 11A, the first AMZI 1131A may have a firstmultiplexer input 1127A configured to receive a first optical signal1150A having a first wavelength, λ₁, and second multiplexer input 1127Bconfigured to receive a third optical signal 1150C having a thirdwavelength, λ₃. The first AMZI 1131 is configured to multiplex thesefirst and third optical signals 1150A, 1150C into a first combinedoptical signal 1151A before outputting said first combined opticalsignal 1151A out of a first combined optical output 1133A. The secondAMZI 1131B may be similarly arranged, having a third multiplexer input1127C configured to receive a fourth optical signal 1150D having afourth wavelength, λ₄, and fourth optical input 1127D configured toreceive a second optical signal 1150B having a second wavelength, λ₂.The second AMZI 1131 is configured to multiplex these second and fourthoptical signals 1150B, 1150D into a second combined optical signal 1151Bbefore outputting said second combined optical signal 1151B out of asecond combined optical output 1133B. Each multiplexer input 1127A-1127Dmay be suitably attached to a corresponding optical channel tofacilitate the hereinabove described multiplexing. The disclosed WDM1127 of FIG. 11A may be the same as the WDM 927 used in transmitter chip901 of FIG. 9A, wherein two corresponding optical channels are eachconfigured to introduce a corresponding optical signal 1150A, 1150C to afirst multiplexing subunit, while two other corresponding opticalchannels are each configured to introduce a different correspondingoptical signal 1150B, 1150D to a second multiplexing subunit 1131,wherein no two optical signals 1150 fed into a specific WDM 1127 havethe same wavelength. Each WDM 1127 may receive the same four uniquewavelengths of optical signals, as a result of the configuration of thedisclosed transmitter chips in which each laser has an optical pathleading to each WDM 1127.

As described above, the optical channels optically attached to/inoptical communication with the first multiplexing subunit 1131A may bereferred to as a first plurality of optical channels, wherein a firstplurality of optical signals would enter said first multiplexing subunit1131A through said first plurality of optical channels and bemultiplexed into a first combined signal 1151A. Similarly, the opticalchannels optically attached to/in optical communication with the secondmultiplexing subunit 1131B may be referred to as a second plurality ofoptical channels, wherein a second plurality of optical signals wouldenter said second multiplexing subunit 1131B through said secondplurality of optical channels and be multiplexed into a second combinedsignal 1151B. For example, in the embodiment of FIG. 11A, a first andthird optical channel carrying a first optical signal 1150A and a thirdoptical signal 1150C, respectively, may be referred to as a firstplurality of optical channels carrying a first plurality of opticalsignals. Furthermore, a second and fourth optical channels carrying asecond optical signal 1150B and fourth optical signal 1150D,respectively, may be referred to as a second plurality of opticalchannels carrying a second plurality of optical signals. As such eachoptical signal that enters a WDM 1127 may be referred to as a“monochromatic” optical signal 1150, or an optical signal forsimplicity, whereas each optical signal that exits a WDM 1127 may bereferred to as an output optical signal.

In an embodiment, four wavelengths utilized within a transmitter chipmay have equal spacing and said four wavelengths may be arranged inorder of increasing wavelength, such that a smallest wavelength is nextto a second smallest wavelength, the second smallest wavelength is nextto a third smallest wavelength and the third smallest wavelength is nextto a largest wavelength. This may allow the transmitter chip to beneatly organized and have a simplified structure. Each multiplexingsubunit 1131 may be configured to have wavelength separation that istwice the size of the channel spacing. For example, a first multiplexingsubunit, such as first multiplexing subunit 1131A, may be configured toreceive a smallest wavelength, λ₁, and a third smallest wavelength, λ₃,while a second multiplexing subunit, such as second multiplexing subunit1131B, may be configured to receive a second smallest wavelength, λ₂,and a largest wavelength, λ₄.

It should be understood that the term “equal spacing” (or equivalentlanguage such as “evenly spaced”) indicates that the wavelengthdifferences between the first and second wavelengths, the second andthird wavelength and the third and fourth wavelengths, etc. areequivalent (e.g., λ₂−λ₁=λ₃−λ₂=λ₄−λ₃). For example, in CWDM applications,the first, second, third and fourth wavelengths may be 1271 nm, 1291 nm,1311 nm and 1331 nm, respectively, thus having an equal channel spacingof 20 nm. This “equal spacing” may also be present for a first pluralityof optical signals entering the first multiplexing subunit 1131A (λ₁,λ₃, λ₅, etc.) and the second plurality of optical signals entering thesecond multiplexing subunit 1131B (λ₂, λ₄, λ₆, etc.). As such, thedifference between each adjacent wavelength within the first pluralityand second plurality of optical signals may be “equally spaced” as well(e.g., λ₃−λ₁=λ₅−λ₃, =λ₄−λ₂=λ₆−λ₄, etc.).

The first combined optical output 1133A may be optically connected to afirst combined optical input 1132A on the PBRC 1132 and the secondcombined optical output 1133B may be optically connected to a secondcombined optical input 1132B on the PBRC 1132. As such, the firstcombined optical signal 1151A and the second combined optical signal1151B may both enter the PBRC 1132 in parallel. The PBRC 1132 isconfigured to maintain the polarization of the first combined opticalsignal 1151A entering through the first combined optical input 1132Awhile simultaneously rotating the polarization of the second combineoptical signal 1151B entering through the second combined optical signalinput 1132B. As can be seen in FIG. 11B, the first combined opticalsignal 1151A may maintain a TE-mode polarization while traveling throughthe PBRC 1132, while the second combined optical signal 1151B may travelthrough the PBRC 1132 and simultaneously have its polarization rotatedfrom a TE-mode polarization to a TM-mode polarization. The combinedsignals 1151A and 1151B exit from PBRC output 1132C as an output opticalsignal 1152. As can be seen in FIG. 11A, each optical signal 1150entering a WDM 1127 may have unique wavelengths, such that said outputoptical signal may have four different wavelength signals 1150 dividedbetween its two different polarities, with the first and third opticalsignals 1150A, 1150C having TE-mode polarization and the second andfourth optical signals 1150B, 1150D having a TM-mode polarization. Theoutput optical signal 1152 may comprise both TE and TM polarizationsignals before exiting the WDM 1127 though a final multiplexer output1127E for transmission to a corresponding output port.

As a result of the output optical signal 1152 being divided between twoseparate, non-interacting polarities, the output optical signal 1152 maymore easily keep each wavelength of the incoming optical signals 1150distinct, separate, and readable from each other. Alternatively, theutilization of dual polarization modes within the output optical signal1152 may also allow the rate of data transmission to be doubled whencompared to an output signal only using a single polarization mode. Eachmultiplexing subunit 1131 may utilize a plurality of multiplexingstructures arranged in a cascading formation having multiple stages,similarly to the arrangement of variable power dividers 920 in FIG. 9B,such that the first plurality of optical signal may be suitablymultiplexed into a first combined optical signal, and the secondplurality of optical signals may be suitably multiplexed into a secondcombined optical signal. By utilizing the disclosed PBRC 1132, theamount of cascading multiplexing stages used in each multiplexingsubunit 1131 may be reduced by one stage, thus allowing the disclosedWDM multiplexer 1127 to easily obtain a low insertion loss and a flattransmission response. Additionally, as described above, the disclosedWDM multiplexer 1127 may utilize polarization multiplexing to use twosignals of the same wavelength to double the transmission capacity asused in a coherent application.

The disclosed four channel dual polarization multiplexer 1127 of FIG.11A, and its generic variation depicted in FIG. 11C, belong to a classof WDMs that contain multiplexing subunits 1131. The first AMZI 1131Aand the second AMZI 1131B may be arranged in parallel, such that bothAMZIs are optically connected to/optically branched from the PBRC 1132and corresponding pluralities of optical signals transmitted througheach AMZI 1131 may be multiplexed together to form correspondingcombined optical signals 1151, prior to being combined by the PBRC 1132.As such, the formed output signal 1152 may comprise a plurality ofunique wavelengths, as seen in FIG. 11A. In the embodiment of FIG. 11A,the plurality of unique wavelengths may include a first, second, thirdand fourth wavelength, all of which are multiplexed, or otherwisecombined, into an output optical signal. As described above, the PBRC1132 is configured to change the polarization of the second and fourthoptical signals 1150B, 1150D which were multiplexed into the secondcombined optical signal 1151B, such that the formed output signal 1152comprise the two differently polarized combined optical signals, 1151A,1151B, each combined optical signal comprising two different wavelengthsignals, for a total of four wavelengths in the output signal 1152.

As articulated in FIG. 11C, for transmitters having a large plurality ofoptical channels, the specific channels, and thus the specific signalsthat are multiplexed together in each cascading stage of eachmultiplexing subunit, may be selected based upon maximizing thewavelength difference between the optical signals 1150 multiplexed ineach multiplexing subunit. For example, for an 8-channel dualpolarization WDM (e.g., N has a value of 4), each multiplexing subunit1131 may have 2 cascading stages of AMZIs, wherein the four incomingoptical signals for a specific multiplexing subunit 1131 are all oddnumbered or all even numbered wavelengths. For a first multiplexingsubunit 1131A that multiplexes four odd numbered signals λ₁, λ₃, λ₅ andλ₇ having a first stage defined by an upper AMZI and a lower AMZI, theupper AMZI may be configured to multiplex signal Xi and signal λ₅, whilethe lower AMZI may be configured to multiplex signal λ₃ and signal λ₇.

The combined λ₁/λ₅ signal may then be multiplexed with the combinedλ₃/λ₇ signal into a combined λ₁/λ₃/λ₅/λ₇ signal by the end of the firstmultiplexing subunit 1131A. A comparable process may be followed by thesecond multiplexing subunit 1131B, which may produce a combinedλ₂/λ₄/λ₆/λ₈ signal. These combined signals from each multiplexingsubunit may then be combined by the PBRC 1132, such that the combinedλ₁/λ₃/λ₅/λ₇ signal (“combined odd signal”) maintains a TE polarizationmode while traveling on a first combiner path 1133, while theλ₂/λ₄/λ₆/λ₈ (“combined even signal”) signal is rotated to assume a TMpolarization mode while travel on a second combiner path 1134, thusallowing the combined odd signal 1151A and combined even signal 1151B tobe further combined together with low insertion loss and flattransmission response. This mechanism effectively eliminates onecascading stage and doubles the channel spacing within each multiplexingsubunit 1131 when compared to the channel spacing of the initiallyprovided optical signals 1150.

In the disclosed embodiment of FIG. 11A, the first AMZI 1131A may have afree spectrum range (FSR) equal to double the difference between thewavelength of the third optical signal 1151C and the first opticalsignal 1151A (FSR₁=2(λ₃−λ₁)), while the second AMZI 1131B may have afree spectrum range equal to double the difference between thewavelength of the fourth optical signal 1151D and second optical signal1151B (FSR₂=2(λ₄−λ₂)). The utilization of the PBRC 1132 within thedisclosed WDM 1127 effectively doubles the FSR of each multiplexingsubunit 1131. As such, the ratio of the passband to channel spacingwithin each multiplexing subunit for the WDM 1127 may be halved, thusallowing for low loss passbands to be easily implemented. This mechanismfor achieving low loss passbands may be effective for a single AMZIs1131 having a periodic, sinusoidal transmission spectrum. When thisconfiguration is utilized with multiple cascaded AMZIs, or othercomparable multiplexers, within each multiplexing subunit, a flattransmission passband may also be achieved. It should be understood thatthe disclosed wavelength of each optical signal 1150 may increase as thecorresponding number of said optical signal 1150 is incremented. Assuch, a first optical signal may have a smallest wavelength, a secondoptical signal have a second smallest wavelength, and so on. As can beseen in FIG. 11C, the final output optical signal 1152 may contain aplurality of unique wavelengths from λ₁ to λ_(2N), depending on theamount of signal that are multiplexed and combined.

An advantage of using the disclosed WDM multiplexer 1127 having a PBRC1132 is said PBRC's inherently low insertion loss and its ability toachieve flat transmission over a wide range of wavelengths, (e.g., thePBRC is wideband). It should be understood that a flat transmissionwould have a consistent insertion loss over the range of applicablewavelengths. This flat transmission ensures that the functionality ofthe multiplexer is not notably affected by wavelength shifts that mayoccur as a result of temperature fluctuations in the transmitterassembly. The disclosed WDM 1127 may utilize a standard AMZI for eachmultiplexing subunit 1131, as depicted in FIG. 11A, but may also use anyother suitable multiplexing structure, such as arrayed waveguidegratings (AWGs), echelle gratings (“planar concave gratings”, “PCGs”),an AMZI based lattice filter (MZI-LF) and micro-ring resonators. As withthe disclosed AMZIs, said multiplexing structures may be followed by theoptically connected PBRC 1132, as depicted in FIG. 11A and FIG. 11C,wherein said PBRC 1132 is configured to rotate the output polarizationof one of the multiplexing subunits 1131, as disclosed hereinabove. Byutilizing WDMs 1127 configured to utilize PBRCs 1132 to combine twoalready complex, multiplexed optical signals into a singular dualpolarization mode output optical signal, the transmission responseassociated with the transmitter/transceiver may be further optimizedwhile minimizing the amount of outgoing optical connections, thusminimizing transmitter cost.

FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating a top view of a polarization-enhancedintegrated two-input four-optical channel photonic transmitter 1201having fixed ratio couplers 1235, two PBRCs 1232, and two outlet ports1215 (2×2), according to an aspect. The disclosed polarization enhanced2×2 photonic transmitter 1201 may comprise two fixed ratio couplers1235A, 1235B, four functional blocks 1230 and two PBRCs 1232A, 1232Beach disposed between a first end 1201A and a second end 1201B of thephotonic transmitter 1201. Each fixed ratio coupler 1235 may have afixed splitting ratio, wherein the first fixed ratio coupler 1235A has afirst fixed splitter ratio and the second fixed ratio couple 1235B mayhave a second fixed splitter ratio. Two input ports 1205 may be disposedon the first end 1201A of the transmitter 1201 and two output ports 1215may be disposed on the second end 1201B of the transmitter 1201. Assuch, a first laser beam 1226A and a second laser beams 1226B having thesame polarization mode and different wavelengths may each enter througha corresponding input port 1205 before being split by a correspondingfixed ratio coupler 1235 into two corresponding optical channels 1212and to then be encoded by a corresponding functional block 1230. Itshould be noted that the herein disclosed polarization-enhanced 2×2photonic transmitter 1201 may operate as a functional block within morecomplex photonic transmitters described hereinbelow, where the said 2×2photonic transmitter 1201 may be referred to as a “2×2 transmitterblock” or simply a transmitter block, as with previous applicableembodiments.

Each optical channel 1212 optically branched from/in opticalcommunication with the first laser beam 1226A and a correspondingoptical channel 1212 branched from/in optical communication with thesecond laser beam 1226B may be optically connected to (e.g., in opticalcommunication with) a corresponding PBRC 1232. Each PBRC 1232A, 1232Bmay be configured to rotate the polarization of one of the two incomingoptical signals, and subsequently combine both incoming optical signalsinto a singular, dual polarization mode final output signal that exitsthe transmitter 1201 through a corresponding output port 1215. As such,this photonic transmitter 1201 may be configured to utilize polarizationbeam rotator combiners 1232 in order to multiplex optical signals intodual polarization mode output optical signals (signals having both TEand TM polarization states) for transmission from the transmitter chip1201. In contrast to the previously disclosed transmitters having morecomplex multiplexing structures, such as transmitter chip 1001 of FIG.10A, the disclosed polarization-enhanced transmitter may only utilizePBRCs 1232A, 1232B to multiplex optical signals, as will be discussedhereinbelow.

The polarization-enhanced 2×2 photonic transmitter 1201 of FIG. 12 mayutilize PBRCs 1232 as the entirety of their multiplexing element, thusomitting the prior disclosed AMZIs, such as AMZI 1131A of FIG. 11A,provided within previously disclosed WDMs. One consequence of this isthat the PBRCs 1232A, 1232B, while able to combine two optical signalsinto a combined final output signal having orthogonal polarizationmodes, may do so with less structural complexity and a smaller unitsize. Again, through the usage of only PBRCs 1232, two optical signalshaving different wavelengths as disclosed in depth hereinabove, oroptical signals having the same wavelength, may be combined into asingular output optical signal. This may provide a greater level offlexibility when compared to previously disclosed WDM, which are relianton the input signals having different wavelengths to combine them intoan output optical signal.

Another aspect of the disclosed transmitter chip embodiment 1201 of FIG.12 that may differentiate it from previously disclosed transmitter chipembodiments is the utilization of fixed ratio couplers 1235 in lieu oftunable couplers, such as tunable couplers 820 of FIG. 8 . These fixedratio couplers 1235 may not require interaction or adjustment in orderto function and may simply operate as a static element having a fixedsplitting ratio, such as a 50/50 splitting ratio, configured to split anincoming laser beam, such as first laser beam 1226A, into two separatesplit beams traveling through different branched optical channels 1212A,1212B. The optical channels 1212 optically branched off of the firstinput port 1205A, such as the first optical channel 1212A and secondoptical channel 1212B of the present embodiment may be referred to as afirst plurality of optical channels 1212-1, whereas the optical channels1212 optically branched off of the second input port 1205B, such as thethird optical channel 1212C and the fourth optical channel 1212D may bereferred to as a second plurality of optical channels 1212-2. In certainembodiments, the first optical channel 1212A may be referred to as afirst optical channel of first plurality of optical channels 1212-1,whereas, the second optical channel 1212B may be referred to as a secondoptical channel of a first plurality of optical channels 1212-1. In thesame embodiments, this third optical channel 1212C may also be referredto as a first optical channel of the second plurality of opticalchannels 1212-2, while this fourth optical channel 1212D may also bereferred to as a second optical channel of the second plurality ofoptical channels 1212-2.

Fixed ratio couplers 1235 may be used within this embodiment of thetransmitter chip because it is not necessary in all embodiments to haveindividual adjustment capabilities for each of the optical channels.Furthermore, fixed ratio couplers 1235 may be desirable in certainapplications due to their simplicity and ease of use, as they need notbe manipulated by a user during operation. As such, elimination of atuning element through the utilization of fixed ratio couplers mayreduce chip size, increase chip yield and simplify chip operation whichmay lower transmitter cost. It should be understood that the previouslydisclosed first set of photodetectors 1210A disposed before the functionblocks 1230 may be omitted from certain transmitter chip embodimentsthat utilize the fixed ratio couplers 1235 disclosed in FIG. 12 , asprecise monitoring of each optical channel may only be relevant inapplications in which the monitoring of any present tunable couplers isnecessary. This omission of the first set of photodetectors 1210A mayhelp to further simplify the structure of the associated photonicschips, thus reducing manufacturing and operating costs.

As described hereinabove for the previous described transmitter chipembodiments, each optical channel 1212 can be independently modulated bya wide range of data signals such as PAM2, PAM4, PAM5, and so on, basedon the configuration of the corresponding functional block 1230. Thedisclosed transmitter 1201 may be incorporated into a small form factorpluggable optical transceivers such as QSFP-DD, OSFP, CFP2, CFP4 and cansupport 2×100G, 2×200G, and 2×400G applications in which each laser beam1226 is split to two paths and each modulator encodes 50G, 100G, and200G data signals on each split laser light, respectively.

It should be understood that both the utilization of fixed ratiocouplers 1235 and the utilization of PBRCs 1232 as the sole multiplexingstructure may be selectively implemented within potential transmitterembodiments, including those disclosed herein. In an embodiment, thefixed ratio couplers 1235 of FIG. 12 may be replaced with tunablecouplers, such as tunable coupler 820 of FIG. 8 , such that theresultant transmitter chip comprises tunable couplers that that work inconjunction with PBRCs 1232, which themselves operate as the solemultiplexing structure. Such an embodiment would allow for thetunability of the incoming laser beam while still maintaining acomparatively simple structure which minimizes production costs and thesize of the chip.

The utilization of the only PBRCs 1232 as the multiplexing structure forthe multiplexing of two monochromatic optical signals into acorresponding final output optical signal provides a mechanism formultiplexing optical signals that does not require precise control oflaser wavelengths. The lack of a requirement for precise wavelengthcontrol in the present transmitter embodiments of FIGS. 12-14 allowssaid transmitters to be far more resilient to certain issues andchallenges, such as temperature fluctuations, laser wavelength drift,etc., which may influence each optical signal and its correspondingtransmission loss. Furthermore, because the final output signal(s) ofsaid transmitter utilizes orthogonal polarization modes, each opticalsignal of the final output signal may be entirely unaffected by theother optical signal with which it is multiplexed. The process of usingpolarization based multiplexing mechanisms may be classified aspolarization division multiplexing, which in some instances can ease thestricter wavelength requirements of wavelength division multiplexingprocesses, therefore reducing costs and increasing yields significantly.

While the multiplexing structure used in the transmitter chip 1201embodiment of FIG. 12 may be a PBRC 1232, it should be understood thatalternative multiplexers may be utilized instead of the PBRCs 1232 undercertain circumstances. In an embodiment, the first laser beam 1226A andthe second laser beam 1226B may each have a different wavelength and beintroduced into the transmitter chip 1201 through a different input port1205A, 1205B. The transmitter chip 1201 may be configured such that eachoutput port 1215 is in optical communication with both input ports1205A, 1205B, such that a final output optical signal traveling out ofeach output port 1215 may comprise two different wavelengths of light.In such an embodiment, it may not be necessary to utilize a polarizationbased multiplexer, such as a PBRC 1232, as a wavelength divisionmultiplexer may also be configured to multiplex each incoming opticalsignal into a corresponding final output optical signal.

As such, it should be understood that each PBRC 1232 of FIG. 12 may bereplaced with a suitable dual-channel wavelength division multiplexer aslong as the wavelengths of the input laser beams 1226A, 1226B aresufficiently separated. In general, no notable restrictions on thewavelength separation between the input laser beams 1226A, 1226B may bepresent. The separation between the input laser beams may be about 20 nmfor CDWM applications. Alternatively, in C-band DWDM applications, thiswavelength separation between input laser beams may be about 0.8 nm.

FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating a top view of a polarization-enhanced4×4 photonic transmitter 1301, according to an aspect. With theexception of the inclusion tunable couplers 1320, the overall structureof the disclosed polarization enhanced 4×4 photonic transmitter 1301 maybe similar to having two of the prior disclosed smaller 2×2 photonictransmitters 1201 of FIG. 12 attached to each other in parallel. Inother words, the first laser beam 1326A and second laser beam 1326B maybe in optical communication with the first PBRC 1332A and second PBRC1332B, whereas the third laser beam 1326C and fourth laser beam 1326Dmay be in optical communication with the third PBRC 1332C and the fourthPBRC 1332D, with no optical connections between respective elements ofdifferent 2×2 transmitter blocks. In an embodiment, the first laser beam1326A and third laser beam 1326C may have similar or the samewavelengths (e.g., λ₁), whereas the second laser beam 1326B and thefourth laser beam 1326D may have similar or the same wavelength (e.g.,λ₂).

It should be understood that due to the mechanism through which PBRCs1332 multiplex optical signals, it is not necessary for each of thewavelengths of each of the laser beams 1326 be different, as opticalsignals having different polarizations (TE-mode or TM-mode) will notinteract or interfere with each other, as disclosed hereinabove. Eachlaser beam 1326 may be introduced into the photonic transmitter 1301through a corresponding input port 1305, whereas each final outputsignal may leave the photonic transmitter 1301 through a correspondingoutput port 1315.

The disclosed transmitter chip 1301 of FIG. 13 may comprise four tunablepower dividers 1320, each tunable power divider 1320 being in opticalcommunication with two optical channels 1312 and thus two correspondingfunctional blocks 1330, as seen in FIG. 13 . In an embodiment, a firstoptical channel 1312A and a second optical channel 1312B may beoptically branched from a first tunable power divider 1320A and a thirdoptical channel 1312C and a fourth optical channel 1312D may beoptically branched from a second tunable power divider 1320B, and so on.In said embodiment, the first optical channel 1312A and third opticalchannel 1312C may be in optical communication with the first PBRC 1332A,such that corresponding first and third optical signals traveling onrespective optical channels (e.g., the first optical signal travels onthe first optical channel, the second optical signal travels on thesecond optical channels, etc.) may be multiplexed into a first finaloutput optical signal. In this same embodiment, the second opticalchannel 1312B and fourth optical channel 1312D may be in opticalcommunication with the second PBRC 1332B, such that corresponding secondand fourth optical signals traveling on their respective opticalchannels may be multiplexed into a second final output optical signal.As such, each PBRC 1332 may be configured to multiplex two differentwavelength signals into a singular final output signal having dualpolarization modes. It should be understood that while each PBRC 1332may be configured to multiplex two signals having different wavelengthsin the present embodiment, PBRCs are also configured to multiplexoptical signals having the same wavelength as well, while still allowingsaid optical signals to be separated and utilized/read later. It shouldalso be understood that the third and fourth PBRCs 1332C, 1332D may alsobe in optical communication with corresponding optical channels tofacilitate the generation of additional dual polarization mode finaloutput signals, similarly to what is described hereinabove for the firstand second PBRCs 1332A, 1332B.

As with the prior disclosed polarization enhanced 2×2 photonictransmitter 1201 of FIG. 12 , the herein disclosed polarization enhanced4×4 photonic transmitter 1301 of FIG. 13 may also be incorporated into asmall form factor pluggable transceiver, such as QSFP-DD, OSFP, CFP2,CFP4 that can support 4×100G, 4×200G, and 4×400G applications in whicheach laser light is split to two paths and each modulator encodes 50G,100G, and 200G data signals on the split laser light, respectively. Thisfunctionality may remain consistent for all of the hereinbelow describedembodiments, as well as be implemented into any prior embodimentdisclosed hereinabove. Furthermore, the disclosed polarization enhancedtransmitter 1301 may be configured to support any four wavelengths aslong as said wavelengths are within the transmitter's operationbandwidths, including embodiments in which all of the wavelengths arethe same.

FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating a top view of a polarization-enhanced4×2 photonic transmitter 1401, according to an aspect. The hereindisclosed embodiment of the polarization-enhanced photonic transmitter1401 may be configured to utilize a cascading arrangement of tunablepower dividers 1420 to split two incoming laser beams 1426 through twosplitting stages, such that eight optical signals are generated in thetransmitter 1401 within corresponding optical channels 1412 and thenmultiplexed into four final output signals having dual polarizationmodes. As can be seen in FIG. 14 , the disclosed embodiment of thepolarization-enhanced 4×2 photonic transmitter 1401 may utilize twocascading stage power dividers for each laser beam 1426. In anembodiment, the first laser beam 1426A may be split by a first tunablepower divider 1420A to split the incoming first laser beam 1426 intosplit beams within the top waveguide branch 1419A and the bottomwaveguide branch 1419B. These split beams from the first laser beam1426A may be split a second time by the corresponding third tunablepower divider 1420C that is in optical communication with the topwaveguide branch 1419A and the corresponding fourth tunable powerdivider 1420D that is in optical communication with the bottom waveguidebranch 1419B, thus turning the two split beams into four split beams.

The above disclosed structure having a first laser beam 1426A beingsplit into four split beams may be repeated for a second laser beam1426B on the same transmitter 1401, such that the correspondingtransmitter 1401 has two incoming laser beams 1426A, 1426B being splitinto 8 total split beams before traveling through corresponding opticalchannels to corresponding functional blocks 1430 for encoding. As suchthe second laser beam 1426B may be first split by a second tunable powerdivider 1420B, wherein each split beam off of the second tunable powerdivider 1420B is further split by either a fifth tunable power divider1420E or a sixth tunable power divider 1420F, accordingly. Followingencoding, the resultant optical eight signals may be multiplexed by fourcorresponding PBRCs 1432 before being output from a corresponding outputport 1415.

In an embodiment, the first laser beam 1426A may enter the transmitter1401 through a first input port 1405A before being split into a first,second, third and fourth split beam traveling within a first, second,third and fourth optical channel 1412A, 1412B, 1412C, 1412D. In the sameembodiment, the second laser beam 1426B may enter the transmitter 1401through a second input port 1405B before being split into a fifth,sixth, seventh and eighth split beam traveling within a fifth, sixth,seventh and eighth optical channel 1412E, 1412F, 1412G, 1412H. The firstlaser beam 1426A may have a first wavelength, whereas the second laserbeam may have a second wavelength 1426B. The first optical channel 1412Aand the fifth optical channel 1412E may be in optical communication withthe first PBRC 1432A, such that a first optical signal and a fifthoptical signal are multiplexed into a first final output signal leavingthe first output port 1415A. Similarly, the second optical channel 1412Band the sixth optical channel 1412F may be in optical communication withthe second PBRC 1432B, such that a second optical signal and a sixthoptical signal are multiplexed into a second final output signal leavingthe second output port 1415B. This trend may continue for the third andseventh optical channels 1412C, 1412G, as well as the fourth and eighthoptical channels 1412D, 1412H, which may be in optical communicationwith the third and fourth PBRCs 1432C, 1432D, and third and fourthoutput port 1415C, 1415D, respectively.

One result of the above configuration is that each optical signal havinga first wavelength of Xi may be configured to be multiplexed with acorresponding optical signal having a second wavelength of λ₂. In anembodiment, the first wavelength Xi may be equivalent to the secondwavelength λ₂ (λ₁=λ₂). As disclosed hereinabove, the mechanism throughwhich a PBRC 1432 may multiplex two optical signals may does not requirethe two optical signals to have different wavelengths. Furthermore,PBRCs 1432 have low optical losses and flat transmission over a widerange of wavelengths, making them highly desirable for multiplexingoperations. As such a key advantage to the disclosed polarizationenhanced transmitter 1401 of FIG. 14 is its low cost and simpleassembly, as only two laser sources are required and only a PBRCs 1432are required to multiplex the optical signals into more complex, dualpolarization final output signals.

As with previously disclosed transmitter embodiments, the transmitter1401 of FIG. 14 may be incorporated into the structure of a small formfactor pluggable optical transceiver, such as QSFP-DD, OSFP, CFP2, CFP4.Again, the disclosed transmitter 1401 may be configured to support4×100G, 4×200G, and 4×400G applications in which each laser light issplit, and each modulator encodes 50G, 100G, and 200G data signals oneach split laser light, respectively.

FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating a top view of a single inputtwo-optical channel photonic transmitter 1501 having a tunable coupler1520A, a dual-channel polarization division multiplexer 1553A, and asingle outlet port 1515A (1×1), according to an aspect. As disclosedhereinabove, wavelength division multiplexing (“WDM”) and polarizationdivision multiplexing (“PDM”) are the most widely used solutions toincrease the optical link capacity. The advantage of PDM is easing thestrict requirement of the wavelengths, which therefore can reduce thecost associated with tight control of laser wavelength and increase theyield significantly. The advantage of WDM is easing optical receiverimplementation using a straightforward wavelength divisiondemultiplexing technique. In general, PDM simplifies optical transmitterdesign but requires more complicated receiver design to track thepolarization states. WDM uses a cost-effective straightforwardwavelength division demultiplexing technique at the receiver side butrequires tighter wavelength control at transmitter side.

As described hereinabove, FIG. 15 shows a 1×1 photonic transmitter 1501with a single input 1505A. The photonic transmitter 1501 may comprise asingle stage power divider 1520A, two MZI modulators 1507A, 1507B(wherein each MZI modulator 1507A, 1507B is part of a correspondingfunctional block 1530, and one dual-channel polarization divisionmultiplexer (“DCPDM”) 1553A. In an embodiment, the DCPDM 1553A may be apolarization beam rotator combiner, such as polarization beam rotatorcombiner 1232 of FIG. 12 . In said embodiment of FIG. 15 , the singlestage power divider 1520A can be one with fixed or tunable slittingratios (e.g., a fixed or tunable coupler) depending on the applicationof the transmitter 1501. As disclosed hereinabove, a PBRC can accept twoinput beams with same polarization, then rotate the polarizationorientation of one of them, and combine them into a singular combinedoutput optical signal 1552.

Each combined output optical signal 1552 may comprise two orthogonalpolarizations such as TE- and TM-polarizations. These PBRCs are capableof supporting a large operating wavelength range, which can accommodateapplications with a wide range of channel wavelength separations, oreven applications with no channel wavelength separation (e.g., the samewavelength). The disclosed transmitter 1501 may be incorporated in smallform factor pluggable optical transceivers such as QSFP, OSFP, CFP2,CFP4 and can support 100G, 200G, 400G applications in which single laserlight 1526A is split.

As can be seen in FIG. 15 , the transmitter chip 1501 may comprise aninput port 1505A in optical communication with a power divider 1520A,wherein said power divider 1520A is in optical communication with afirst optical channel 1512A and a second optical channel 1512B.Furthermore, the first and second optical channels 1512A, 1512B may bein further optical communication with a DCPDM 1553A. The DCPDM 1553A maybe configured to multiplex a first optical signal traveling through thefirst optical channel 1512A with a second optical signal travelingthrough the second optical channel 1512B, thus forming a final outputoptical signal 1552 configured to exit the transmitter chip 1501 throughthe corresponding output port 1515A. As is understood for polarizationbased multiplexing units, such as a PBRC, the final output opticalsignal 1552 may comprise two different polarization states, as a resultof the DCPDM 1553A changing the polarization state of one of theincoming optical signals, as applicable.

FIG. 16 is a diagram illustrating a top view of a single input2^(n)-optical channel photonic transmitter 1601 having n-stage cascadedpower dividers 1620, 2^(n−1) dual-channel polarization divisionmultiplexers 1653, and 2″ outlet ports 1615 (2^(n−1)×1), according to anaspect. The 2^(n−1)×1 photonic transmitter 1601 comprises n-stages ofcascading power dividers 1620, 2^(n) MZI modulators, each of which iscontained within a corresponding functional block 1630, and 2^(n−1)DCPDMs 1653. In an embodiment, the DCPDMs 1653 may be a polarizationbeam rotator combiner. The n-stage power dividers 1620 may configured tobe fixed, tunable or a combination of both fixed and tunable powerdivider/couplers. In an embodiment, one power divider of the pluralityof the n-stage power dividers may be tunable, while the remainder of thepower dividers may be fixed. As can be seen in FIG. 16 , a first DCPDM1653A may be in optical communication with a first output port 1615A,whereas a last DCPDM 1653Z may be in optical communication with a lastoutput port 1615Z, with each DCPDM 1653 disposed between the first andlast DCPDMs 1653A, 1653Z also being in optical communication with acorresponding output port 1615.

As disclosed hereinabove, a DCPDM 1653, such as a PBRC, can accept twoinput beams with same polarization, then rotate the polarizationorientation of one of them, and combine them into a singular output.Each output consists of two orthogonal polarizations such as TE- andTM-polarizations. These PBRCs are capable of supporting a largeoperating wavelength range, which can accommodate the applications witha wide range of channel wavelength separation, even for the two channelswith the same wavelength. It should be understood that because thedisclosed optical transmitter 1601 has only one optical input 1605A,that only one wavelength of light may be introduced into this opticaltransmitter. As such, a DCPDM 1653, such as a PBRC, may be utilized in a2^(n−1)×1 photonic transmitter chip 1601, as wavelength divisionmultiplexing may not be possible due to all optical channels having thesame wavelength. Similarly to the disclosed transmitter 1701 of FIG. 17, each optical channel 1612 of the herein disclosed transmitter 1601 canbe independently modulated by a wide range of data signals usingdifferent modulation formats such as PAM2, PAM4, PAM5, and so on. Thedata rate of each channel can support 50G, 100G, 200G, and so on. Thistransmitter 1601 may be incorporated in small form factor pluggableoptical transceivers such as QSFP-DD, OSFP, CFP2, CFP4 and can support100G, 200G, 400G, 800G, 1.6T applications in which single laser light1626A is split.

FIG. 17 is a diagram illustrating a top view of a two-input2^(n+1)-optical channel photonic transmitter 1701 having two n-stagecascaded variable power dividers 1720, 2^(n) dual-channel multiplexers1754, and 2^(n) outlet ports 1715 (2^(n)×2), according to an aspect.This 2^(n)×2 photonic transmitter 1701 may comprise two n-stage powerdividers 1720, 2^(n+1) MZI modulators, each of which is contained withina corresponding functional block 1730, and 2^(n) dual-channelmultiplexers (“DCMUXs”) 1754. The two input ports 1705A, 1705B are eachconfigured to accept a corresponding input light beam, 1726A, 1726B,accordingly, from the lasers with the same (or significantly equal) ordifferent wavelengths depending on the needs of the application.

Depending on how similar or different the wavelengths of the two inputlight beams 1726A, 1726B are, the types of multiplexers (“MUXs”) thatcan be used may vary. The two n-stage power dividers 1720 can comprisefixed, tunable or both fixed and tunable splitting ratios couplers, suchthat the desired balance of tuning capability and device simplicity isachieved based upon the desired application. The power dividers 1720 maybe arranged in a cascading pattern as described hereinabove, in order tofacilitate the splitting of incoming laser beams over a plurality ofoptical channels 1712. While the term dual-channel (“DC”) may be appliedto several multiplexing structures herein that may only need tomultiplex two incoming optical signals, such as DCMUXs, DCPDMs andDCWDMs, it should be understood that a MUX may be suitably modified toaccommodate as many different channels as is required to multiplex thedesired number of optical signals into a singular output optical signal,as disclosed herein.

In an embodiment in which the wavelengths of the two input light beams1726 are different, each DCMUX 1754 can be either a DCPDM, which has norestriction on two input light beam wavelength separation, such as DCPDM1653 of FIG. 16 , or a dual-channel wavelength division multiplexer(“DCWDM”). In an embodiment, the DCPDM may be a PBRC, while the DCWDMmay be an AMZI. In contrast, in an alternative embodiment wherein thewavelengths the two input light beams 1726 are substantially similar orthe same, a DCPDM, such as a PBRC, may be utilized for the DCMUX 1754.In embodiments having input light beams 1726 of the same or similarwavelength, DCWDMs may not be suitable to multiplex the resultantoptical signals generated, as a result of the mechanism used by DCWDM tomultiplex the generated optical signals into singular outputs 1715 beingbased upon differences in their wavelengths.

In an embodiment, a first optical channel 1712A-1 in opticalcommunication with the first optical input port 1705A and a firstoptical channel 1712A-2 in optical communication with the second opticalinput port 1705B may both be in optical communication with a first DCMUX1754A. As such, a first optical signal generated from the first laserbeam 1726A is configured to be multiplexed with a first optical signalgenerated from a second laser beam 1726B to form a first final outputsignal that is transmitted through the first output port 1715A. Thetransmitter 1701 may also be configured such that the second opticalchannel 1712B-1 that is in optical communication with the first opticalinput port 1705A and the second optical channel 1712B-2 this is inoptical communication with the second optical input port 1705B may bothbe in optical communication with the second DCMUX 1754B and the secondoutput port 1715B. This may be repeated for each corresponding pair ofoptical channels, such that corresponding last optical signalstravelling through corresponding last optical channels 1712Z-1, 1712Z-2from each laser beam 1726A, 1726B may be multiplexed by a last DCMUX1754Z to form a last (2^(n)) final output signal to be output through alast output port 1715Z. This may ensure that each final output signalcontains the input wavelengths of both input laser beams 1726A, 1726B(λA and λB) for applications in which this is desirable or relevant.Again, it should be understood that the optical channels 1712 opticallybranched from the first input port 1705A may be referred to as a firstplurality of optical channels 1712-1, whereas the optical channels 1712optically branched from the second input port 1705B may be referred toas a second plurality of optical channels 1712-2.

The disclosed DCMUX 1754 may have low loss and flat transmission bandsover a wide range of wavelengths, making them desirable multiplexingstructures that may be utilized in a variety of applications.Furthermore, the 2^(n) DCMUX 1754 may be used in conjunction with nstages of cascading tunable power dividers 1720 to generate 2^(n) finaloutput signals from only two laser sources, a first laser beam 1726A anda second laser beam 1726B, within the disclosed polarization enhanced2^(n)×2 transmitter 1701, thus providing a low cost and simple toassemble transmitter that may be used in many applications.

Once again, each optical channel may be independently modulated by awide range of data signals using different modulation formats such asPAM2, PAM4, PAM5, and so on. The data rate of each channel can support50G, 100G, 200G, and so on. This transmitter 1701 may be incorporated insmall form factor pluggable optical transceivers such as QSFP-DD, OSFP,CFP2, CFP4 and can support 100G, 200G, 400G, 800G, 1.6T applications inwhich only two lasers are required. Depending on the wavelengths of thetwo input light beams 1726 utilized by the transmitter 1701, each outputoptical signal leaving an output 1715 may comprise two uniquewavelengths, or the same/substantially similar wavelengths.

FIG. 18 is a diagram illustrating a top view of a 2m-input photonictransmitter 1801 having m transmitter blocks 1828 of which each blockhas the same functions of the photonics transmitter 1701 of FIG. 17 and2^(n)m outlet ports 1815 (2^(n)m×2m), according to an aspect. This2^(n)m×2m photonic transmitter 1801 may comprise m 2×2n transmitterblocks 1828 which thusly may utilize 2m input light beams 1826. In anembodiment, the wavelength of each input light beam 1826 may beindependently selected based upon the needs of the application. However,in a practical application, the 2m input light beams 1826 may be dividedinto multiple groups.

Each group of input light beams may have the same or similar wavelengthswithin a predefined wavelength window or band. In an embodiment, the 2minputs of light beams may be divided into two groups: group A and groupB. In said embodiment, input light beams within group A, such as firstinput light beam 1826A provided through the first input port 1805A,third input light beam 1826C provided through the third input port1805C, and second-to-last light beam 1826Y provided through thesecond-to-last input port 1805Y, may have wavelengths in the range of1311±6.5 nm, whereas input light beams within group B, such as secondlight beam 1826B provided through the second input port 1805B, fourthlight beam 1826D provided through the fourth input port 1805D and lastlight beam 1826Z provided through the last input port 1805Z, may havewavelengths in the range of 1291±6.5 nm. By ensuring that an input lightbeam of group A is always input into a corresponding transmitter block1828 alongside an input light beam of group B, the option to utilizeeither DCWDM (or other suitable WDM) or a DCPDM (or other suitable PDM)as the DCMUX may be available, as long as the wavelength of group A andgroup B are sufficiently separated and do not overlap.

It should be understood that each functional block 1828 of the disclosedphotonic transmitter 1801 may be configured to utilize the twocorresponding incoming light beams 1826 and generate a correspondingquantity of final output optical signals, depending on the quantity ofcascading power divider stages within the functional block. Again, itshould be understood that whether the functional block 1828 may utilizea DCWDM or a DCPDM as the DCMUX is dependent upon the wavelengths of theincoming light beams 1826 the functional block 1828 receives. Byimplementing a plurality of cascading power divider stages within eachfunctional block 1828, a large plurality of output optical signals maybe output from corresponding output ports 1815 using a comparativelysmall quantity of incoming light beams 1826.

As should be understood by the above disclosure, the disclosedtransmitter chips may selectively utilize different types of MUX unitsand different types of power dividers/couplers, as is necessitated bytheir corresponding application. Each type of MUX, including WDMs andPDMs has their advantages and use-cases as disclosed hereinabove. Thesame may also be said for the power dividers, which may provide improvedflexibility or simpler operation, depending on whether they areimplemented with an adjustable (variable power dividers) or fixedsplitting ratio (fixed ratio power dividers), accordingly. By utilizingadjustable power dividers alongside fixed power dividers within the sametransmitter chip, enhanced functionalities may be enabled while stilloptimizing the complexity and cost of building and operating thecorresponding transmitter chip.

It may be advantageous to set forth definitions of certain words andphrases used in this patent document. The term “or” is inclusive,meaning and/or. The phrases “associated with” and “associatedtherewith,” as well as derivatives thereof, may mean to include, beincluded within, interconnect with, contain, be contained within,connect to or with, couple to or with, be communicable with, cooperatewith, interleave, juxtapose, be proximate to, be bound to or with, have,have a property of, or the like.

Further, as used in this application, “plurality” means two or more. A“set” of items may include one or more of such items. Whether in thewritten description or the claims, the terms “comprising,” “including,”“carrying,” “having,” “containing,” “involving,” and the like are to beunderstood to be open-ended, i.e., to mean including but not limited to.Only the transitional phrases “consisting of” and “consistingessentially of,” respectively, are closed or semi-closed transitionalphrases with respect to claims.

If present, use of ordinal terms such as “first,” “second,” “third,”etc., in the claims to modify a claim element does not by itself connoteany priority, precedence or order of one claim element over another orthe temporal order in which acts of a method are performed. These termsare used merely as labels to distinguish one claim element having acertain name from another element having a same name (but for use of theordinal term) to distinguish the claim elements. As used in thisapplication, “and/or” means that the listed items are alternatives, butthe alternatives also include any combination of the listed items.

As used throughout this application above, the phrases “laser light,”“laser light beam,” “laser beam,” “light beam,” “laser signal” and thelike are used interchangeably. Each of the aforementioned phrases and/orterms are intended to refer generally to forms of light, and morespecifically, electromagnetic radiation used in the fields of optics andintegrated photonics. As also used herein, the term “power” is to beinterpreted as the power, in milliwatts, for example, of the lasersignals being transmitted via the transmitter chip. Thus, if referenceis made to the power of a particular optical channel or output port, itis to be understood as meaning the power of the laser signal travellingthrough said particular optical channel or output port, for example.Additionally, as used throughout this disclosure above, the phrases“variable power divider” and “tunable coupler” and the like are usedinterchangeably.

Throughout this description, the aspects, embodiments or examples shownshould be considered as exemplars, rather than limitations on theapparatus or procedures disclosed or claimed. Although some of theexamples may involve specific combinations of method acts or systemelements, it should be understood that those acts and those elements maybe combined in other ways to accomplish the same objectives.

Acts, elements and features discussed only in connection with oneaspect, embodiment or example are not intended to be excluded from asimilar role(s) in other aspects, embodiments or examples.

Aspects, embodiments or examples of the invention may be described asprocesses, which are usually depicted using a flowchart, a flow diagram,a structure diagram, or a block diagram. Although a flowchart may depictthe operations as a sequential process, many of the operations can beperformed in parallel or concurrently. In addition, the order of theoperations may be re-arranged. With regard to flowcharts, it should beunderstood that additional and fewer steps may be taken, and the stepsas shown may be combined or further refined to achieve the describedmethods.

If means-plus-function limitations are recited in the claims, the meansare not intended to be limited to the means disclosed in thisapplication for performing the recited function, but are intended tocover in scope any equivalent means, known now or later developed, forperforming the recited function.

Claim limitations should be construed as means-plus-function limitationsonly if the claim recites the term “means” in association with a recitedfunction.

If any presented, the claims directed to a method and/or process shouldnot be limited to the performance of their steps in the order written,and one skilled in the art can readily appreciate that the sequences maybe varied and still remain within the spirit and scope of the presentinvention.

Although aspects, embodiments and/or examples have been illustrated anddescribed herein, someone of ordinary skills in the art will easilydetect alternate of the same and/or equivalent variations, which may becapable of achieving the same results, and which may be substituted forthe aspects, embodiments and/or examples illustrated and describedherein, without departing from the scope of the invention. Therefore,the scope of this application is intended to cover such alternateaspects, embodiments and/or examples. Hence, the scope of the inventionis defined by the accompanying claims and their equivalents. Further,each and every claim is incorporated as further disclosure into thespecification.

What is claimed is:
 1. An integrated transmitter chip comprising: afirst input port and a second input port disposed at a first end of theintegrated transmitter chip; and a transmitter block optically connectedto the first input port and the second input port, the transmitter blockhaving: a first power divider optically connected to the first inputport; a second power divider optically connected to the second inputport; a first plurality of optical channels being optically branchedfrom the first power divider; a second plurality of optical channelsbeing optically branched from the second power divider; a firstmultiplexer being optically connected to a first optical channel of thefirst plurality of optical channels and a first optical channel of thesecond plurality of optical channels, wherein the first multiplexer isconfigured to multiplex a first optical signal with a second opticalsignal to form a first final output signal; and a second multiplexerbeing optically connected to a second optical channel of the firstplurality of optical channels and a second optical channel of the secondplurality of optical channels, wherein the second multiplexer isconfigured to multiplex a third optical signal with a fourth opticalsignal to form a second final output signal.
 2. The integratedtransmitter chip of claim 1, wherein at least one power divider has avariable splitting ratio.
 3. The integrated transmitter chip of claim 2,wherein the first, second, third and fourth optical signals are eachmonochromatic, and corresponding powers of the first, second, third andfourth optical signals are configured to be independently adjustedthrough selective manipulation of corresponding splitting ratios of eachcorresponding power divider.
 4. The integrated transmitter chip of claim1, wherein the first and second multiplexers are polarizationmultiplexers, such that the first and second final output signalscomprise both TE-mode and TM-mode optical signals.
 5. The integratedtransmitter chip of claim 1, further comprising a plurality offunctional blocks, each functional block of the plurality of functionalblocks being optically connected to a corresponding optical channel,each functional block comprising: an MZI modulator and a phase shifteroptically connected to the MZI modulator.
 6. The integrated transmitterchip of claim 1, wherein each multiplexer is optically connected to eachinput port.
 7. The integrated transmitter chip of claim 1, thetransmitter block is further comprising third, fourth, fifth and sixthpower dividers, wherein the third and fourth power dividers areoptically branched from the first power divider such that the third andfourth power dividers are optically connected to the first plurality ofoptical channels and the fifth and sixth power dividers are opticallybranched from the second power divider such that the fifth and sixthpower dividers are optically connected to the second plurality ofoptical channels.
 8. The integrated transmitter chip of claim 1, whereineach multiplexer is a wavelength division multiplexer comprising anasymmetrical Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
 9. An integrated transmitterchip comprising: at least one input port disposed at a first end of theintegrated transmitter chip; a plurality of power dividers, each powerdivider of the plurality of power dividers being optically connected toa corresponding input port of the at least one input port; a pluralityof optical channels optically branched from each power divider of theplurality of power dividers; a plurality of multiplexers, eachmultiplexer of the plurality of multiplexers being optically connectedto corresponding optical channels of the plurality of optical channels;a plurality of output ports disposed at a second end of the integratedtransmitter chip, wherein the second end of the integrated transmitterchip is associated with the first end of the integrated transmitter chipand each output port of the plurality of output ports is configured tobe optically connected to a corresponding multiplexer of the pluralityof multiplexers; wherein the plurality of power dividers, the pluralityof optical channels and the plurality of multiplexers are disposedbetween and in optical communication with the at least one input portand the plurality of output ports.
 10. The integrated transmitter chipof claim 9, the plurality of power dividers comprising multiplecascading stages of power dividers, such that a third and fourth powerdivider are optically branched from a first power divider of theplurality of power dividers and a fifth and sixth power divider areoptically branched from a second power divider of the plurality of powerdividers.
 11. The integrated transmitter chip of claim 9, wherein atleast one power divider of the plurality of power dividers has avariable splitting ratio.
 12. The integrated transmitter chip of claim11, wherein each power divider having a variable splitting ratio of theplurality of power dividers is configured to work in conjunction witheach corresponding optically attached multiplexer of the plurality ofmultiplexers to multiplex corresponding optical signals into acorresponding final output signal.
 13. The integrated transmitter chipof claim 12, wherein a power of each optical signal is configured to beselectively controlled through manipulation of each correspondingvariable splitting ratio of each corresponding power divider of theplurality of power dividers.
 14. The integrated transmitter chip ofclaim 13, wherein each multiplexer of the plurality of multiplexers is apolarization beam rotator combiner, such that each final output signalcomprises both TE-mode and TM-mode optical signals.
 15. The integratedtransmitter chip of claim 9, wherein each multiplexer of the pluralityof multiplexers is a wavelength division multiplexer.
 16. An integratedtransmitter chip comprising a transmitter block, the transmitter blockhaving: a power divider; a first optical channel in opticalcommunication with the power divider, the first optical channel beingconfigured to carry a first optical signal; a second optical channel inoptical communication with the power divider, the second optical channelbeing configured to carry a second optical signal; and a polarizationdivision multiplexer in optical communication with the first and secondoptical channels, wherein the polarization division multiplexer isconfigured to change the polarization state of the first optical signaland subsequently multiplex the first optical signal with the secondoptical signal.
 17. The integrated transmitter chip of claim 16, whereinthe power divider has a variable splitting ratio, such that acorresponding power of each optical signal that is multiplexed by thepolarization division multiplexer may be selectively adjusted.
 18. Theintegrated transmitter chip of claim 16, wherein each optical channel isconfigured to carry an optical signal having a TE-mode polarization tothe polarization division multiplexer.
 19. The integrated transmitterchip of claim 16, wherein the polarization division multiplexer is apolarization beam rotator combiner.
 20. The integrated transmitter chipof claim 19, wherein the polarization beam rotator combiner isconfigured to receive a first optical signal having a TE-modepolarization, rotate the polarization of a first optical signal from aTE-mode polarization to a TM-mode polarization, and combine the firstoptical signal with a second optical signal having a TE-modepolarization, such that a final output signal formed by the polarizationbeam rotator combiner comprises both TE-mode and TM-mode polarizedoptical signals.